Electromechanical System Design & Integration Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive practice flashcards based on the lecture series covering electromechanical system design, mechanics, electronics, programming, sensors, and control systems.

What is the definition of an electromechanical system as per the lecture notes?

Engineering systems that combine mechanical components with electrical, electronic, sensing, actuation, and computational technologies to perform useful tasks.

What five fundamental engineering domains define the core architecture of electromechanical systems?

Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Embedded Systems Engineering, Control Engineering, and Computer Engineering.

According to the lecture, what is the sequence of information flow in an electromechanical system?

Environment → Sensors → Signal Conditioning → Microcontroller → Control Algorithm → Actuator → Mechanical System → Environment.

State Newton's Second Law as it applies to machine design and specify the units.

$F = ma$, where $F$ is Force ($N$), $m$ is Mass ($kg$), and $a$ is Acceleration ($m/s^2$).

What are the formulas for Stress ($\sigma$) and Strain ($\epsilon$) in mechanical subsystem design?

Stress: $\sigma = \frac{F}{A}$; Strain: $\epsilon = \frac{\Delta L}{L}$.

Define Hooke's Law for elastic materials.

$\sigma = E\epsilon$, where $E$ is Young's Modulus.

What is the primary equation for calculating Torque ($T$) for rotating shafts?

$T = Fr$.

State the relationship between source voltage, current, and resistance in Ohm's Law.

$V = IR$.

What are the three power equations given in the electronic optimization notes?

$P = VI$, $P = I^2R$, and $P = \frac{V^2}{R}$.

What is the output voltage equation for a standard voltage divider circuit?

$V_o = V_i \frac{R_2}{R_1 + R_2}$.

What formula determines the energy stored in a capacitor?

$E = \frac{1}{2} CV^2$.

What is the current gain relationship in a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)?

$I_C = \beta I_B$, where $I_C$ is collector current, $I_B$ is base current, and $\beta$ is current gain.

Define the cutoff frequency ($f_c$) for a Low-Pass Filter in sensor signal conditioning.

$f_c = \frac{1}{2\pi RC}$.

State the sampling theorem required to avoid aliasing in digital measurement systems.

$f_s \geq 2f_{max}$.

How is the resolution of an N-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) determined?

$Resolution = \frac{V_{ref}}{2^N}$.

What is the output voltage relationship for a Buck Converter using Duty Cycle ($D$)?

$V_o = DV_{in}$.

Define the Degrees of Freedom (DOF) Mobility Equation for planar mechanisms.

$M = 3(n - 1) - 2j_1 - j_2$, where $M$ is mobility, $n$ is number of links, $j_1$ is lower pairs, and $j_2$ is higher pairs.

What is Grashof's Law for four-bar linkage motion prediction?

$S + L \leq P + Q$, where $S$ is the shortest link, $L$ is the longest link, and $P$ and $Q$ are the remaining links.

What are the equations for gear ratio and output speed in gear systems?

Gear Ratio: $GR = \frac{N_o}{N_i}$; Output Speed: $n_o = n_i \frac{N_i}{N_o}$.

What equation relates linear velocity ($v$) and angular velocity ($\omega$)?

$v = r\omega$.

State the torque equation for rotational systems as per dynamic force analysis.

$T = J\alpha$, where $T$ is Torque, $J$ is moment of inertia, and $\alpha$ is angular acceleration.

In embedded systems, what are the characteristics of RAM vs Flash memory?

RAM is fast and volatile (stores variables/stack); Flash is non-volatile and retains data without power (stores firmware/algorithms).

How is the timer duration ($T$) calculated in microcontroller programming?

$T = Prescaler \times \frac{Period}{Clock}$.

What is the formula for average voltage ($V_{avg}$) in a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) system?

$V_{avg} = DV_s$, where $D$ is the Duty Cycle ($D = \frac{T_{ON}}{T}$).

What is the industrial standard PID control equation?

$u(t) = K_pe(t) + K_i\int e(t)dt + K_d \frac{de(t)}{dt}$.

Describe the Seebeck Effect and its application in sensors.

The generation of a voltage (typically $10-50\,mV$) when two dissimilar metals are joined and exposed to different temperatures; it is the principle behind Thermocouples.

What is the distance equation used for Ultrasonic Sensors?

$d = \frac{vt}{2}$, where $v$ is the speed of sound and $t$ is travel time.

State the Lorentz Force Law for electromechanical energy conversion.

$F = q(E + v \times B)$, or approximated for conductors as $F = BIL$.

What is the DC motor voltage equation including Back EMF?

$V = IR + L \frac{dI}{dt} + E_b$, where $E_b = K_e\omega$.

How is the step angle ($\theta_s$) calculated for a stepper motor?

$\theta_s = \frac{360}{N}$, where $N$ is the number of steps per revolution (e.g., $1.8^\circ$ for a 200-step motor).

Define the stability condition for continuous control systems.

All poles must lie in the left-half complex plane for the system to remain stable.

What is the transfer function ($G(s)$) of a standard second-order system?

$G(s) = \frac{\omega_n^2}{s^2 + 2\zeta\omega_ns + \omega_n^2}$, where $\omega_n$ is natural frequency and $\zeta$ is damping ratio.

How is the reliability function ($R(t)$) calculated for an industrial system?

$R(t) = e^{-\lambda t}$, where $\lambda$ is the failure rate.