World History Honors Chapter 17

Motives for exploration

Gold - find valuable resources

Glory - rivalries with other powers

God - spread Christianity

Means for exploration

• Improved sailing technology

• more accurate maps and advanced cartography

• increased knowledge of wind patterns

Henry the Navigator

Discover the gold coast on the western coast of Africa

Vasco De Gama

reaches the indian ocean, returns cargo of spices, pushes to take spice trade from Muslims

Bartholomew Dias

Reaches the southern tip of Africa known as the cape of good hope

Christopher Columbus

reaches the Americans but believes them to be the far east

Ferdinand Magellan

Sought passages through the americes, tip of South America and went through the pacific to reach Philippines

John Cabot

Explorers new England Coastline in the Americas

Pedro Cabral

Claims territory of Brazil as colony

Amerigo Vespucci

Joins several voyages of other explorers as a writer, documents new world

Hernan Cortes

Conquistador and explorer that defeated the Aztec

Francisco Pizarro

Conquistador and explorer that defeated the Inca

European Rivalries

The Dutch, French, and English had began to challenge the Portugueses and the Spanish for colonial dominance. Motivated by the promise of God

Social results of exploration

• columbian exchange

• slavery

• colonization

Mercantilism

economy that emerged in the age of exploration, economic system that believed the prosperity of a nation, Nations attempt to achieve favorable trade balance

Columbian Exchange

Exchanges for good, domesticated animals - diseases, new plants and animals - hostility towards others

Triangular Trade

trades that connected Europe and Africa, goods from Europe used to bribe, slaves taken from Africa and sold, crops sent back from Americans back to Europe

Slavery

middle passage of the Triangle of trade becomes slave trade - destroys African, King Alfonso of the Congo

Peninsulares

Spanish and Portugueses born in Europe that held the important government positions

Creoles

Descendants of Europeans born in Latin American

Mestizos

Group that held labor position, born from Europeans and Native Americans

Mulattoes

group the held labor position, born from Europeans and African

Encomienda

practice of forcing labor

Mita

forcing into work in mining for metals

Jesuits

Led by Ignatius of Loyola, spread of Catholicism throughout education.

Colonial government

Ruled by governors and the church, time it took to communicate between the colonies in America

Goals of Missionaries

Convert natives to Catholicism, teach trades, built schools, churches, hospitals

Marco Polo

Secondary reason Europeans were interested in exploration. Documents travel from Italy to china in the book the travels

Colonization

Destroys what is left of indigenous civilizations.

Ottoman Empire

Secondary reason to why the Europeans were interested in exploration. Restricted European trade by land to Asia. Looked for routes by water.

Destruction of Indigenous

- African civilizations for slavery

- Pre-Columbian civilizations destroyed through disease and colonization

Economic Results of Exploration

- Triangle of Trade

- Mercantilism

- Colonization

European Rivalries/Conflict

Nations competing to out-do one another; have the best colonies, and access to resources. Some nations focused on trade, others colonization.

Political Results of Exploration

- Destruction of indigenous civilizations

- European rivalries

Treaty of Tordesillas

One of few points of cooperation. Spain given ability to claim lands West of line.Portugal to claim East of line. Other powers will catch up and they are aren't bound by it. England, France, Dutch, etc.