Cognition, Behavior, Learning

_____________ is an expansive term used to describe our ability to perceive the world around us, interact with it, remember our past experiences in it, and imagine potential experiences with it

Cognition

T or F: Executive function refers to a spectrum of abilities, including attention, working memory, inhibition, task switching, abstract thought, behavioral regulation, decision-making, sequencing, and initiation

T

What type of attention is known as the ability to attend to an activity over a period of time?

a. sustained

b. selective/prioritization

c. divided

d. shifting/switching

a

What type of attention is known as the ability to attend to important info and ignore distractions?

a. sustained

b. shifting/switching

c. divided

d. selective/prioritization

c and d

What type of attention is known as the ability to change from one task to another?

a. sustained

b. shifting/switching

c. divided

d. selective/prioritization

b

Which of the following are areas of the brain associated with EF?

a. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

b. Orbitofrontal or ventromedial prefrontal cortex

c. Anterior cingulate cortex

d. all of the above

d

What type of lesion would be suspected if a person is unable to set goals, plan, execute a plan, or monitor the execution of a plan?

prefontal cortex lesion

Which type of memory is involved in temporary storage and manipulation of information essential for language, problem solving, mental navigation, and reasoning?

a. working memory

b. declarative memory

c. procedural memory

a

Which type of memory is involved in conscious facts, events, concepts, locations. Has episodic (retention of personal experiences) and semantic (retention of facts)?

a. working memory

b. declarative memory

c. procedural memory

b

All of the following are neutral structures that support declarative memory EXCEPT ...

a. medial temporal cortex (encoding)

b. hippocampus (encodes / retrieves)

c. cerebellum (associative learning)

d. prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices (consolidation and retrieval)

c

T or F: Procedural memory is known as the inability of how to describe how to do something (ride a bike) but can automatically demonstrate it

T

What other structure involved in associative learning supports procedural learning besides the striatum of BG and cerebellum?

amygdala

What are the 3 stages of motor skill acquisition?

1. cognitive

2. associative

3. automatic

In which stage of motor skill acquisition is concentration and feedback most important?

cognitive

Which disease is being described? "progressive mental deterioration consisting of memory loss, confusion, disorientation with symptoms showing around age 60 and death typically within 5-10 years"

Alzheimers

Which disease is seen as antisocial/ criminal acts as it involves the frontal and temporal lobe?

Frontotemporal dementia

Which disease is being described? "affects goal-directed behavior, causes delusions. Interferes with speed of thoughts and can be lewy body dementia which is a cognitive decline, memory impaired, and deficit in attention"

Parkinsons Dementia

How it CTE dementia diagnosed?

by documented direct blows to the head (trauma)

What is one of the earliest indicators of possible cognitive dysfunction?

gait speed

Which lesion is most commonly diagnosed NOT by intelligence scores (as they're usually normal) but by the inability to set goals, execute a plan, or monitor execution of plan?

prefrontal lesion

What form of communication is based on symbols?

a. language

b. speech

a

What form of communication is coordinated activity of oral communication and neural control of activity?

a. language

b. speech

b

Language and speech producing is found in the _____ hemisphere

a. right

b. left

b

Which area is found in the superior temporal gyrus?

a. Wernicke's area

b. Broca's area

c. cerebellum area

d. hypothalamus area

a

Which area is found in the inferior frontal lobe?

a. Wernicke's area

b. Broca's area

c. cerebellum area

d. hypothalamus area

b

Which area has a function of comprehension of spoken, written, and signed language?

a. Broca's area

b. Wernicke's area

b

Which area has a function of motor programming of speech which provides instructions for language output?

a. Broca's area

b. Wernicke's area

a

Broca's area and Wernicke's area are connected by the ...

arcuate fasciculus (bundle of nerve fibers)

Which area is being described? (e.g., person may say, "Walk dog" meaning, "I will take the dog for a walk."), expressive and non-fluent

a. Broca's area

b. Wernicke's area

a

Which area is being described? Comprehension of spoken words impaired, while the ease of producing connected speech is not much affected. Referred to as a 'fluent aphasia.' Paraphasias: word substitutions (stench for wrench; hat for cat, etc.)

a. Broca's area

b. Wernicke's area

b

False beliefs, despite evidence to the contrary are known as ...

a. Hallucinations

b. Mania

c. Delusions

d. Bipolar disorder

c

______________ are sensory perceptions experienced without corresponding sensory stimuli. Which 2 are the most common?

Hallucinations (sensory and auditory are most common)

What is known as excessive excitement, euphoria, delusions, and overactivity?

mania

Which disorder causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs and lows?

bipolar disorder

Match the following pathology with the description: a syndrome of hopelessness and a sense of worthlessness, with aberrant thoughts and behavior

a. depression

b. panic disorder

c. schizophrenia

d. anxiety

e. OCD

f. PTSD

a

Match the following pathology with the description: Feeling of tension or uneasiness that accompanies anticipating danger

a. depression

b. panic disorder

c. schizophrenia

d. anxiety

e. OCD

f. PTSD

d

Match the following pathology with the description: An episode of intense fear that begins abruptly and lasts 10 to 15 minutes

a. depression

b. panic disorder

c. schizophrenia

d. anxiety

e. OCD

f. PTSD

b

Match the following pathology with the description: Persistent upsetting thoughts and the use of compulsive behavior in response to the obsessive thoughts

a. depression

b. panic disorder

c. schizophrenia

d. anxiety

e. OCD

f. PTSD

e

Match the following pathology with the description: Re-experience the original event in flashbacks or nightmares, avoid stimuli linked to the trauma, and are hyper aroused.

a. depression

b. panic disorder

c. schizophrenia

d. anxiety

e. OCD

f. PTSD

f

Match the following pathology with the description: Group of disorders consisting of disordered thinking, delusions, hallucinations, lack of motivation, apathy, and social withdrawal

a. depression

b. panic disorder

c. schizophrenia

d. anxiety

e. OCD

f. PTSD

c