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Anatomical Position
Refers to the body position as if the person were standing upright with the:
o Head, gaze (eyes), and toes directed anteriorly (forward)
o Arms adjacent to the sides with the palms facing anteriorly
o Lower limbs close together with the feet parallel the back, face upward
Supine
recumbent, lying on the back, face upward
Prone
lying on the abdomen, face downward
plane
Motion occurs in a
Sagittal Planes
vertical planes passing through the body, parallel to the median
plane, diving the body into right and left portions
Median Plane (median sagittal plane)
is the vertical anteroposterior plane passing longitudinally through the midlines of the head, neck, and trunk where it intersects the surface of the body, dividing it into right and left halves
Frontal (coronal) planes
vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
Transverse Planes
horizontal planes passing through the body at right angles to
the median and frontal planes, dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
axis
Motion occurs about an
Sagittal (Ant Post) Axis
runs front to back (perpendicular to frontal planes)
Longitudinal (vertical) axis
runs up and down (perpendicular to sagittal planes)
Transverse (horizontal, medial lateral) axis
runs from side to side, perpendicular to sagittal planes
Longitudinal sections
run lengthwise or parallel to the long axis of the body or of any of its parts, and the term applies regardless of the position of the body
Transverse sections
or cross sections, are slices of the body or its parts that are cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body or of any of its parts.
Oblique Sections
slices of the body or any of its parts that are not cut along
the previously listed anatomical planes.
Inferomedial
nearer to the feet and median plane
Superolateral
nearer to the head and further from the median plane
External
outside of or further from the center of organ or cavity
Internal
inside or closer to the center, independent of direction
ipsilateral
occurring on the same side
Contralateral
occurring on the opposite side
Flexion and extension
Bending and straightening occurs in sagittal plane
Abduction and adduction
away from median plane; toward median plane —> occurs in frontal plane
Medial rotation (internal)
anterior surface of a limb moves towards
Lateral (external) rotation
Anterior surface of a limb moves away from median plane
Fascia
constitutes the wrapping, packing, and insulating materials of the body.
Superficial fascia
(subcutaneous tissue) lies just deep to the skin
Deep Fascia
a dense, organized connective tissue layer, devoid of fat, that covers most of the body
Investing fascia
Extensions from its internal surface invest deeper structures, such as individual muscles and neurovascular bundles
Axial skeleton
consists of the bones of the head (cranium or skull), neck (hyoid bone and cervical vertebrae), and trunk (ribs, sternum, vertebrae,
and sacrum
Appendicular skeleton
consists of the bones of the limbs, including those forming the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic girdles.
Elevations
crest, tubercle, tuberosity, spine, line process
Depressions
sulcus, groove, fossa
Openings (holes)
canal, foramen
Articular surfaces
facets, head, condyle
fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial
3 types of joints
Synovial joints
classified according to the shape of the articulating surfaces and/or the type of movement they permit
joint cavity w/ potential space
walls formed by joint capsule
presence of articular cartilage
small amount of synovial fluid
Synovial Joints are characterized by the following
Capsular ligaments
intrinsic thickened parts of the fibrous capsule, but ligaments can also be found outside of the capsule or joint.
Skeletal Muscle
striated, voluntary (or reflexive), and variable in gross size and shape
Origin
typically fixed and proximal
Insertion
typically mobile and distal
bones, cartilages, ligaments, or fascias or to some combination of these structures
Most skeletal muscles are attached directly or indirectly to
Concentric
Muscle shortening
Eccentric
Controlled muscle lengthening
Isometric
maintain position against gravity or other resisting force without movement
Agonist
(prime mover) is the main muscle responsible for producing a specific movement
of the body
Fixator
steadies the proximal
parts of a limb through isometric contraction while movements are occurring in distal parts
Synergist
complements the action of a prime mover.
Antagonist
a muscle that opposes the action of another muscle
prime mover, antagonist, synergist, or fixator under different conditions.
The actual prime mover in a given position may be gravity
The same muscle may act as a
muscular and
muscular and articular branches, respectively
Muscles and joints get their blood supply and innervation through
contact
Arteries generally supply the structures they
Hilton’s Law
the course of the arteries and deduce that a muscle is supplied by all the arteries in its vicinity
nearly constant relationship
Variation in the nerve supply of muscles is rare; it is a
Articular Arteries
Joints receive blood from _______ _______ that arise from the vessels around the joint. they have a rich nerve supple
Systemic circulation
the aorta and it’s branches and correlating veins
anastomose
communicate with other branches
Arteries
have origins (start of a branch), terminal branches (end), and they anastomose
accompanying veins (venae comitantes)
Those that accompany deep arteries, surround them in irregular branching network
Deep veins
found within and around the skeletal muscle inside the deep fascia
Superficial veins
external to the deep fascia and are highly variable
Lymphoid System
drains surplus fluid from the extracellular spaces to the bloodstream, It removes debris from cellular decomposition and infection, and is thus a major part of the body’s defense system
lymph node chains that, in turn, empty into large lymph vessels, or trunks, that drain into the subclavian vein of the vascular system
Lymphatic vessels drain into
Lymph
tissue fluid that enters lymph capillaries and is conveyed by lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
rounded masses of lymphoid tissue; are scattered
throughout the body and located in groups, like in the armpit, groin, neck,
pelvis, and abdomen
Metastasis
can occur via lymphatic vessels, thus the pattern of cancerous lymph
node involvement follows the natural routes of lymph drainage