Unit 1 World History

Renaissance

"rebirth” , Located in Italy

Reasons the Renaissance took place in Italy

Thriving city-states, wealthy merchant class, classical heritage of Greece and Rome

Patrons

Supported artists, architects, and writers financially

Humanism

Focus on the individual; human potential and achievements

Secular

Focus on worldly rather than spiritual values, the "here and now”

Perspective

3 dimensions on a flat surface

Vernacular

An authors native language

reasons the Renaissance spread

I. Patrons buy art and it spreads around Europe 2. Invasion of northern Italy by France, 3. Renaissance spreads to France, Spain, German states, and England

Elizabeth age

Time of the Renaissance in England

Renaissance man

Ideal individual, strived to master almost every area of study

William Shakespeare

Most famous writer, took in spo from classics, understanding of human beings, brought up human flaws

Utopia

Written by Thomas More

Johann Gutenberg

Printing press, stole idea from Chinese

Printing press

Used so people could access books and edu

Legacy of the Renaissance

Changes in the arts: Greek P and Roman styles and techniques,individuals portrayed more realistic, secular+ religious Art, perspective, individual achievement praised, vernacular language

Changes in Society: Christian humanists, questioning politics, more into available, new ideas, Revolution

Reformation

Religious movement in the 1505 to reform the catholic church that led to Protestantism

Causes of reformation

Humanist ideas, political power struggles, economic resentment, and correction to the church

Indulgence

A pardon releasing a person from punishment due for a sin.

Lutheran

Followers of Martin Luther who separated from the Catholic Church

Protestant

Christians who broke from the Catholic Church but don't follow Luther exactly

Peace of Augsburg

Treaty allowing each German state to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism

Annul

Declaration that a marriage is invalid

Anglican Church

Solidified by Elizabeth during her reign

Martin Luther

Started the Protestant reformation, 95 thesis: criticizing the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences

Calvinism (beliefs)

Predestination: God knows who will be saved

Theocracy (Geneva) - Gov’t should be controlled by religious leaders

People are sinful by nature

John Calvin

From France, created Calvinism

Anabaptist's

Branch of Calvinism

Church and state should be separate

People should be baptized again as adults

Shared possessions

Similar to the now: Mennonites and Amish

Presbyterian

John Knox, Scotland, Branch of Calvinism

Catholic reformation

“Counter Reformation”

Catholic Church needs to “reform”

Key players in the Catholic reformation

Ignatius of Loyola

Pope Paul III

Pope Paul IV

Council of Trent

(1545 - 1563)

To state Catholic beliefs

The church interpretation of the Bible is final

95 Thesis

Martin Luther took a stance against Indulgences

Catalyst of the Reformation

Henry VIII

1509-1547

Catholic

against Martin Luther

Needed male heir

Act of Supremacy

required people to accept Henry VIII as official head of English Church

Catherine of Aragon

1509 - 1533

First Wife

Spanish Princes

Catholic

Divorced

Daughter - Mary

Anne Boleyn

1533 - 1536

Second Wife

Executed

Daughter - Elizabeth

charged with treason and beheaded

Jane Seymour

1536 - 1537

died weeks after childbirth

His one love

Son - Edward

Edward’s Rule

1547-1553

9 years old when he took throne

advisors were protestant

poor health reigned for 6 years

Mary’s Rule

1553-1558

Catholic and returned the English Church to the role of the Pope and Rome

Executed many protestants

Nickname “Bloody Mary”

Married Phillip II

Elizabeth’s Rule

1558-1608 (ended Tuders dynasty)

Goal: return to Prostestantism

set up the church of england: Anglican Church

Utopia

“no place” or a perfect place

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus

heretic

a person who holds beliefs that differ from official Church teachings

Christianity

4-6 C.E

“Holy trinity” (God, Jesus, Holy spirit)

Bible

Christmas and Easter

Jesus (savior or Messiah)

worldwide

Islam

622 C.E

Allah = God and Muhammad = prophet

Quaran (koran)

Ramadan and Eid Al-Adha

5 pillars: faith, prayer 5x a day, charity, fasting, pilgrimage to Mecca

Middle East

Hinduism

4,000 - 1,500 B.C.E

Multiple Gods: Shiva, Vishnu, Brahma

Vedas

Diwali, multiple “festivles” to honor gods, etc

Reincarnation and Karma, caste system

Asia, India, Nepal

Buddhism

600 B.C.E

Disshartha Gautama (Buddha)

Tripitaka

Vesak, Magha Puja

“4 Noble Truths”, meditation = to reach “enlightenment”

Asia (south east)

Judaism

3,000 B.C.E

Yahweh and Abraham

Torah

Yom Kippur, Hanukkah, and Rosh Hashanah

Jewish are the “chosen people” and still waiting for the Messiah

Israel, U.S

Medici Family

Most famous and richest family

Wealthy banking family

patrons

Ruled over one of the largest banks in florence

Cosimo “the Elder”

Lorenzo “the Magnificant”

Fillippo Brunelleschi

Created and completed the Culopa of St. Maria del Fiore in florence in 1436

Major italian city-states

Milan

Papel states

napels

venice

Donatello

1386 - 1466

born in florence

mary magdalene - free standing

expert at evoking emotion

bronze david

Leonardo da Vinci

1452 - 1519

true ren man

Mona lisa

Santa Marie Della Grazie

The Last Supper (easter weekend)

Michelangelo

1475 - 1564

David statue - marble, 17ft

Sistine Chapel

Raphael

1483 - 1520

the Madonna and Child

perspective

School of Athens

Niccolo Machiavelli

The prince - political guidebook

Desiderius Eramus

the praise of folly

Thomas More

Utopia