Urinary System

What are some general functions of the urinary system?

filter and excrete metabolic wastes, balance salt-water concentration levels, pH balance, and hormone production

What is the technical term for the balance of salt-water concentration levels?

osmoregulation

What is the normal pH balance for us?

7.35 - 7.45

What is EPO?

erythropoietin

What is EPO produced by?

the kidney

What is Renin?

an enzyme

What is Renin produced by?

kidneys

What are the primary organs of the urinary system?

kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

What do the kidneys do?

produce urine

What do ureters do?

transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

What does the bladder do?

stores urine

What does the urethra do?

transports urine out of body

How many kidneys do we have?

two

What is a kidney?

a solid organ with parenchyma of s.cube. et.

What is parenchyma?

functional tissue

How many nephrons filter many things out of the blood plasma?

1,000,000

What are some things filtered out of blood plasma?

water, salts, drugs, poisons

When is nephrogenesis completed by?

36 weeks

What is nephrogenesis?

development of the kidneys and urinary system in a baby

What are ureters?

tubes to drain the urea from kidneys to the bladder

What is urea?

a semisolid waste product of metabolism

What are the ureters lined with?

transitional ET

How many layers of SMT are in the upper portion?

2

How many layers of SMT are in the lower portion?

3

Each ureter has a ________ valve to prevent _______ into the kidneys

one-way, backflow

What is the function of the bladder?

mixes water and urea to make urine

Peeing = urination = __________

micturition

How many layers of SMT does the Detrusor muscle have?

3

What is the detrusor muscle?

smooth muscle in wall of bladder

The detrusor is _________-_________ controlled

stretch-receptor

How many ml does the female bladder have?

~200-300ml

How many ml does the male bladder have?

~300-400ml

Why is the female bladder smaller?

because women need room for the uterus

What is the trigone?

a triangular region in the bladder, a landmark

How many urethral sphincters does the bladder have?

two

What happens if you hold your bladder?

it can cause a backup into the ureter, along with the urine that builds up stretching out the bladder

What is the function of the urethra?

a tube to drain the bladder to the outside

The proximal portion of the urethra is what type of tissue?

transitional ET

The distal portion of the urethra is what type of tissue?

st.sq. ET

What does the male urethra also do?

conducts semen from seminal vesicles

How long is the male urethra in an adult?

~15-25cm

How long is the female urethra in an adult?

4cm

What are the secondary organs of the urinary system?

retroperitoneal membrane, adrenal glands, pituitary gland, heart, lungs, skin, and nerves

Which glands make aldosterone?

adrenal glands

Which glands make antidiuretic?

pituitary gland

What is an anitdiuretic?

a hormone to prevent water loss

What hormone does the heart produce to lower BP?

atrial natriuretic hormones

What are the structures of the kidney?

renal A/V, renal hilum, renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis, major/minor calyx, and renal pyramid

In terms of nephron terminology, which does filtration mean?

water and solutes pushed out of glomerulus due to blood pressure

In terms of nephron terminology, which does reabsorption mean?

transport of water/solutes from tubular fluid to capillaries (returned to bloodstream)

In terms of nephron terminology, which does secretion mean?

transport of water/solutes from capillaries to tubular fluid (to be urinated)

What does PCT mean?

proximal convoluted tubule

What does the PCT do?

reabsorption of tubular fluid into capillaries and secretion into tubular fluid

What does the PCT reabsorb?

mostly water, some glucose/monosaccharides, amino acids, vitamins, most Na+ & Cl-

What does the PCT secrete?

H+, NH4+, drugs/toxins

What does LH mean?

Loop of Henle/Nephron Loop

What does the descending LH do?

reabsorption of tubular fluid to capillaries

The descending LH is about _______% of water by _______

25, osmosis

What does the ascending LH do?

reabsorption of tubular fluid to capillaries and N-waste is concentrated here

The ascending LH is _____-_____% Na+ and Cl-

20 - 25

What does DCT mean?

Distal Convoluted Tubule

What does the DCT do?

reabsorption of tubular fluid to capillaries and secretion into tubular fluid

What does the reabsorption process in DCT collect?

~5% water and variable Na+

What does the secretion process in DCT collect?

H+, NH4+, creatinine, drugs/toxins

What affects kidney function?

hormones and diuretics

What are the hormones in kidney function?

renin/angiotensin, anti-diuretic hormone - aquaporins, erythropoietin, and atrial natriuretic factor

What are the diuretics in kidney function?

alcohol - inhibits ADH, and caffeine