ANSC 303 Nutrition Chapter 1

Define nutrition

applied biochemistry & physiology

List the nutrients that provide the animal with energy

• Carbohydrates

• Protein

• Lipids

List the subclasses of nutrients

• Vitamins

• Minerals

• water

Define Diet Formulation

application of nutrition and economics (what you feed them to make something happen) 

Define Nutrient

Essential in the diet

• 6 nutrients:

  • carbohydrates

  • protein

  • lipids

  • minerals

  • vitamins

  • water

Define Nutrient Allocation

what is the most effective way to utilize a source of nutrients

Define Metabolism

the sum of all biochemical reactions; catabolic reactions provide the energy anabolic reactions require

Define Catabolism

degradation; the breakdown of nutrients and other complex molecules into their components; releases energy

Define Anabolism

biosynthesis; building of more complex molecules; requires energy

Define Enzyme

biological catalyst; increase the rate of a reaction; increases the rate of biochemical reactions by interacting with reactants and products to increase the likelihood of the reaction occurring; is not broken down in hydrolytic reactions, it just helps the reaction occur

Define Proenzyme/Zymogen

secreted or produced by the body in an inactive form; must be activated to work (hydrolyze bonds)

Define Lumen

GI Tract; considered the “outside”

Define Autoenzymatic

type of digestion; mammal produces/secretes the enzymes

Define Alloenzymatic

microbial digestion; microbes (living in the mammal/animal’s lumen) provide the enzymes

List ALL of the 6 nutrients

• Water

• Protein

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids/fats

• Minerals

• Vitamins

Describe water

Clean & Abundant 

• 2 things to think about 

  • Hot - access

  • Cold - access

Describe protein

• macromolecule made of amino acids (AA), contains nitrogen (N)

  • Two groups of amino acids

    • 10 essential amino acids (EAA) must be absorbed by the small intestine 

    • 10 non essential amino acids (NEAA), can be synthesized by the mammal 

Describe carbohydrates

• end products of photosynthesis. 

  • Base sources of energy 

  • Two types 

    • Non structural CHO (NCHO): sugars and starches. (easy to digest)

    • Structural CHO (SCHO): fiber, cellulose (resistant to digestion)

      • Not digestible by mammalian enzymes 

Describe lipids/fats

• fat, soluble in organic solvents 

  • Two fatty acids required to function (essential) 

Describe minerals

rocks, inorganic 

• Two groups 

  • Macrominerals - provided in large quantities as a % 

    • Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, Mg, S (AA)

  • Microminerals - provided in ppm or ppb

    • Mn, Zn, Fe, Cr, Se, Mo, Co, I, Cu Fl

      • Over or under supplement 

Describe Vitamins

• Fat soluble - thymine ADEK, KADE, storable

• H2O soluble - daily consumption 

What is the difference between enzymes and Proenzyme/Zymogen

Enzymes are active forms

Proenzymes/zymogens are inactive forms

Describe metabolism

sum of biochemical reactions in the body 

• Two types 

  • Anabolism - biosynthesis, building more complex molecules 

    • Requires energy 

  • Catabolism  - degradation of complex molecules into simple molecules 

    • Yield energy 

• The lower the metabolism the lesser the biochemical reactions

What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism

Catabolism - biosynthesis, building more complex molecules 

• Requires energy 

Anabolism -  degradation of complex molecules into simple molecules 

• Yield energy 

Describe lumen

GI Tract; considered the

“outside”

Describe Digestion

preparation of ingested food for absorption

Describe Autoenyzmatic vs. Alloenzymatic

Autoenzymatic - digestion using enzymes made by the mammal

Alloenzymatic - digestion using enzymes of microbial origin 

Define Digestion

Preparation of ingested food for absorption

Define Absorption

the process by which nutrients from digested food pass through the walls of the digestive tract and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system so they can be transported to cells for energy, growth, and repair

Define Folds of Rugae

Stomach tissue that allows the stomach to stretch

Define Pyloric Sphincter

• determines Kp ; regulated hormonally to avoid overloading the digestive capacities of the small intestine

• controls flow of digesta into small intestine

Define Endocrine

go into body/bloodstream

Define Exocrine

secreted into the lumen or outside of the body

Define Kd

Rate of digestion

• How fast the nutrients are digested

Define Kp

rate of passage

• How fast the digesta moves 

• Slow kp = increases retention time, increases digestion 

  • Get more out of the nutrients 

Define HCl

Acid (hydrochloric acid)

• decreases pH

Define NaOH

buffer

• raises pH

• prevents acid from damaging the stomach’s surface

Describe the Non-ruminant Oral Cavity

• mouth; mechanical breakdown (mastication or chewing);

• mix food and saliva

Describe Mastication

Chewing

• decrease particle size to increase digestion by increasing enzyme access;

describe saliva and salivary Enzymes

• important for oral health;

• lubrication of food;

• contains enzymes (salivary amylase)

  • CHO and lipid digestion

Describe Non-Ruminant Esophagus

tube that transports food from the mouth to the stomach 

• Non-ruminant - esophagus only goes one way down

• Ruminant - works in two directions

Describe Non-Ruminant Stomachs

5 functions

• storage

• Mixing

• Secretion

• Digestion

• Absorption

pH of 1-3; sterilizes (kills any ingested bacteria); cause some hydrolysis of proteins and polysaccharides; denaturation of proteins (exposing bonds of amino acid polymer to further enzymatic digestion); activates pepsinogen (secreted by gastric glands) into active pepsin

Describe the… of Non Ruminant stomachs

• Structures

• Chemical and Physical Processing

• Absorption of nutrients

• Ulcers

• Regions of Stomach

Structure -

Chemical and physical processing -

absorption -

ulcers - damage to the surface of the stomach

regions of stomach -

• cardia

  • cardiac glands -secrets mucus

• Fundus

  • fundic glands - secrete digestive enzymes and mucus

• body

  • storage

• pylorus

  • pyloric glands - secret mucus

  • Neuroendocrine cells - secret gastrin

Draw the…of Non-Ruminant GI tract

• Organs/Compartments

• Anatomical Structures (gastroesophageal sphincter, pyloric sphincter)

• List Four regions of Stomach

• Locations of Enzyme and Buffer Production

list the three segments of the small intestine and its absorptive structures

• Duodenum

• Jejunum

• Ileum

why is it important to increase surface area of the small intestine and decreases the rate of passage?

what is the role of the pancreas when a meal is consumed

Which livestock species does not possess a gallbladder?

What is the role of the gallbladder and liver?

define the Sphincter of Oddi

Define Kerckring Folds (also called circular folds)

decrease rate of passage and increase surface area; larger and closer together in the proximal small intestine; like a fingerprint (everyone has a unique pattern)

Define Villi

coat the entire small intestine

Define Microvilli

projections on the enterocyte; increase surface area

define Glycocalyx

attached to microvilli; barrier that suspends nutrients and enzymes

define islets of Langerhans

group of pancreatic cells; two types include α cells and β cells; α cells secrete glucagon and β cells secrete insulin