The Cardiovascular System: The Heart and Blood Vessels/Circulation

A and P2- Exam 2: Chapters 19, 20, and 21

The heart beats how many bpm

75

The space in which the heart is located in the thoracic cavity

mediastinum

The atrium of the heart

receives blood from the body and pumps it into the ventricles

The ventricles of the heart

receives blood from the atria and pumps to lungs and the rest of the body

All _____ carries blood away from the heart.

arteries

All _____ carries blood to the heart.

veins

The circuit that moves blood to and from lungs for gas exchange

the pulmonary circuit

The circuit that moves blood to and from the rest of the body

the systemic circuit

The pericardium is

serous membrane surrounding the heart and vessels

The upper chambers of the heart are called

atria

The lower chambers of the heart are called

ventricles

The arteries where gas exchange occurs- CO2 exits, O2 enters

pulmonary capillaries

The right ventricle pumps _______ blood into the pulmonary trunk

deoxygenated

Both the superior and inferior vena cava end up in the

right atrium

The artery that distributes blood to the rest of the body is called

the aorta

The ear-like supplemental blood sac is called

the auricle

The fat-filled grooves that house coronary vessels is called

sulcus 

The heart wall layers are

endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium

A layer of the heart that holds the heart in place, protects it from damage and infection, and anchors it within the chest cavity.

pericardium

The pericardium has two layers 

the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium

The serous pericardium has two layers

the parietal and visceral layer (or pericardial cavity)

The ventricle that is thicker 

left ventricle

The division between the two atria is called

interatrial septum; fully closes after birth

The division between the two ventricles is called

interventricular septum

division between the atria and ventricles; contains 4 valves to allow blood flow

the atrioventricular septum

The coronary sinus is

the largest vein in the heart

the innermost layer of the vessel walls where large arteries contain internal elastic membrane for stretch

tunic intima 

thick middle layer of the vessel wall that allows for vasoconstriction/vasodilation

tunica media

outer layer of the vessel wall made up of elastic connective tissue which hold the vessel in place

tunica externa

internal elastic membrane

provides support and enables stretching of the vessels

arteries closest to the heart are called

elastic arteries

arteries farthest from the heart are called

muscular arteries

small arteries, located just before capillaries is called

arterioles

The three kinds of capillaries include

continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoid

Capillaries that are fully put together and are the most common

continuous capillaries

Capillaries that are characterized by tiny pores and allows larger molecules to pass through

fenestrated capillaries

Capillaries that have many gaps allowing almost all things to pass through

sinusoid capillaries

Sphincters are

muscle that controls blood flow in to capillaries based on O2 and nutrient need

Capillary beds is where

the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste occurs

Part of the vein that collects deoxygenated blood from capillary beds and transport it into larger veins

venules

pressure is low in veins, so they hold more of the blood than arteries

Venous as reservoirs

The venous system contains two pumps

the skeletal muscle and respiratory pump

The parts of the heart that control electrical impulses, enforcing contraction

SA node, AV node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers

Auscultation is 

the action of listening to the heart; s1-4 sounds

The amount of blood that is pumped out of the heart (from vent.) in one minute is called

cardiac output

Beats per minute

Heart rate

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle is called

stroke volume

Equation for cardiac output is

CO = SV x HR

The amount of blood that enters the ventricle is known as

preload

The resistance that the heart's ventricles must overcome to pump blood out during a contraction is known as

afterload

How hard the myocardium has to contract to eject blood out of the ventricles

contractility

A resting HR can change based off of

parasympathetic which slows it down or sympathetic which speeds it up

arteries/veins are thicker than arteries/veins because of the higher pressure they have to withstand from the heart

arteries are thicker than veins

tiny blood vessels within the walls of larger blood vessels that supply them with oxygen and nutrients

vasa vasorum

small nerve fibers that supply nerves to blood vessel walls to control blood flow through vasoconstriction/vasodilation

nervi vasorum

excess tissue fluid is called

edema

the average pressure in a person's arteries over a single cardiac cycle

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), calculated by diastolic + (systolic-diastolic)/3

a measure of a vessel's ability to expand in response to a change in blood volume is called

compliance

system of veins and other vessels that return deoxygenated blood from the body's tissues and organs back to the heart and lungs is called the

venous system

mass movement of fluids into and out of capillary beds is known as

bulk flow

fluid movement from capillary bed to tissue is known as

filtration

movement of fluid from tissue to capillary bed

reabsorption

the “push” pressure of fluid inside the capillary, promoting filtration

hydrostatic pressure (HP)

the “pull” pressure caused by proteins inside of the blood, promoting reabsorption

osmotic pressure (OP)

decides whether fluid leaves or reenters the capillary, depending on whether it is positive or negative is called the

Net filtration pressure (NFP)

a special blood pathway that carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver before it goes back to the heart, nutrients are processed, stored, or released as needed and toxin are filtered out here

hepatic portal system