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Condensation reaction
Chemical reaction in which a covalent bond is formed between two molecules as water is expelled; used to build polymers, such as proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids.
Hydrolysis
Chemical reaction that involves cleavage of a covalent bond with the acconpanying consumption of water (its -H being added to one product of the cleavage and its -OH to the other); the reverse of a condensation reaction.
Fatty acid
Molecule that consists of a carboxylic acid attaché dot a long hydrocarbon chain. Used as a major source of energy during metabolism and as starting point for the synthesis of phospholipids.
Lipid
An organic molecule that is insoluble in water but dissolves readily in non polar organic solvents; typically contains long hydrocarbon chains or multiple rings. One class, the phospholipids, forms the structural basis for biological membranes.
lipid bilayer
thin pair of closely juxtaposed sheets, composed mainly of phospholipid molecules, that forms the structural basis for all cell membranes.
amino acid
small organic molecule containing both an amino group and a carboxyl group; it serves as the building block of proteins
protein
macromolecule built from amino acids that provides cells with their shape and structure and performs most of their activities.
nucleotide
basic building block of the nucleic acids, DNA and RNA; a nucleoside linked to a phosphate
ATP
activated carrier that serves as the principal carrier of energy cells; a nucleoside triphosphate composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups
RNA
molecule produced by the transcription of DNA; usually single-stranded, it is a polynucleotide composed of covalently linked ribonucleotide subunits. serves a variety of informational, structural, catalytic, and regulatory functions in cells.
DNA
double-stranded polynucleotide formed from two separate chains of covalently linked deoxyribonucleotides. it serves as the cell’s store of genetic information that is transmitted from generation to generation.
