human ap 2

Edith suffers from severe heartburn. She goes to her physician and is diagnosed with a hiatal hernia. This condition affects her

diaphragm

The liver

forms glucose from noncarbohydrates.

Bacteria cause dental caries by

metabolizing carbohydrates in food, producing acidic by-products that damage enamel and dentin.

VLDL are produced in which organ?

liver

Which constituent of bile has a digestive function?

Bile salts

Because of their location, swollen palatine tonsils may interfere with

both breathing and swallowing.

One of the major functions of the large intestine is to

absorb ingested water.

The correct sequence for the layers in the walls of the alimentary canal from innermost to outermost is the

mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa.

The bile ducts of the liver unite to form the

hepatic ducts.

The teeth that are best adapted for biting off hunks of food are the

incisors

The digestive system

ingests food, propels food, mechanically and chemically breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and defecates the remainder.

The tissues turning yellow (jaundice) is due to the accumulation of

bile pigments.

Elliot thought that his peptic ulcers were caused by his nagging parents, and was surprised when the doctor handed him a prescription for medication to treat

a bacterial infection.

Gallstones are usually composed of

cholesterol

The greater omentum is composed of

the peritoneal membrane.

Peristalsis occurs in the digestive tract

from the pharynx to the anus.

Acute pancreatitis is often caused by the conversion of

trypsinogen to trypsin.

The digestive functions of saliva include

moistening, binding and dissolving food particles; beginning chemical digestion of carbohydrates; and cleansing the teeth and mouth.

The parotid glands are

the largest salivary glands.

Secretion of cholecystokinin from the intestinal wall is stimulated by

protein and fat in the small intestine.

Heartburn is usually caused by the effects of gastric juice on the

esophagus.

In the swallowing reflex

the soft palate, larynx and hyoid bone are raised.

the epiglottis closes off the top of the trachea.

the tongue presses against the uvula and soft palate.

muscles pull the pharynx upward toward the food.

all of the above

all

The canaliculi in the liver transport ___________ through the ductules.

bile

The mechanical breakup of food particles in the mouth is called

mastication

The _______ is the part of the digestive tract that has the most lymph nodules and bacteria.

ileum

Chylomicrons transport dietary fats to ___________ through the blood.

muscle and adipose cells

Changes in the mouth associated with aging include

thinning enamel.

The root canal of a tooth contains

blood vessels and nerves.

Receptor-mediated endocytosis removes _______ from plasma, supplying cholesterol for the body.

LDL

The _______ is the layer of the alimentary canal that absorbs nutrients.

mucosa

Salivary amylase digests

carbohydrates

Feces are about ____ percent water.

75

Matthew takes a drug that inhibits the production of HCl in the stomach to ease the symptoms of a gastric ulcer. If he takes it for a long time, digestion of which nutrient would be affected the most?

Proteins

The main part of the stomach is called the

body

Hepatitis C is not transmissible

from uncooked meats

All of the enzymes that digest protein are

secreted in an inactive form.

Which of the following is a function of the large intestine?

Absorption of water and electrolytes

An extracorporeal liver assist device is very similar to

kidney dialysis.

_______ is a protein-splitting enzyme in pancreatic juice.

Trypsin

The epiglottis is attached to the

larynx

The hormone secretin

stimulates release of pancreatic juice.

The uvula is

a projection from the soft palate

Bile salts function like detergents in that they ___________ fat globules.

emulsify

Hepatitis B can be transmitted by means of

sexual activity.

blood transfusions.

saliva.

hypodermic needles.

all of the above.

all

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the digestion of lipids?1. Formation of chylomicrons2. Emulsification by bile3. Dissolved in the epithelial cell membrane4. Hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase5. Diffusion into lacteal ducts

2, 4, 3, 1, 5

David has sustained severe damage to his liver in a car accident. Digestion of which nutrient will be most affected?

Lipids

Gastrin, which stomach cells secrete,

increases secretion by the gastric glands.

Which of the following is true about bile?

Cholecystokinin stimulates its production.

Secretin stimulates release of bile into the duodenum.

It contains concentrated enzymes that digest carbohydrates.

It is red.

None of the above

none

The major mixing movement in the small intestine is accomplished by

segmentation

The parietal cells of gastric glands secrete

hydrochloric acid.

Which of the following are major functions of the liver?

Storage of certain molecules

Formation of urea

Secretion of bile

Maintaining blood glucose concentration

All of the above

all

Tanisha has abdominal pains. Medical tests reveal that she can digest nutrients, but the nutrients are not taken in by the intestinal tissues. She likely has

malabsorption

During the defecation reflex, the

diaphragm is lowered

Factors that may affect the rate of absorption of certain medications with age include

slowing of the exit of chyme from the stomach.

slowing peristalsis.

thinning of the stomach lining.

slowed secretion of intrinsic factor.

all of the above.

all

The force responsible for normal expiration is supplied by the

elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension.

The volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during a normal respiratory cycle is the

tidal volume.

The amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin increases when

carbon dioxide concentration increases.

A mother and two young children are found passed out in their apartment, where a space heater is on. Emergency medical technicians suspect carbon monoxide poisoning, so they give the patients

highly concentrated oxygen and some carbon dioxide.

Oxygen plays a minor role in control of normal respiration because

deoxygenated venous blood is 75% saturated.

In emphysema

pressure in alveoli increases and their walls burst, coalescing them and decreasing the surface area for gas exchange.

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase causes

carbon dioxide to react with water.

In bronchopulmonary dysplasia, the lungs of newborns become inflamed and scarred. Most infants recover, but some die. An experimental treatment cultures stem cells from a newborn's umbilical cord. The stem cells, in a lab dish, give rise to type II cells, which in turn give rise to more type I cells. In this treatment

the type II cells secrete surfactant and the type I cells form the respiratory membrane.

The first event in expiration is

the diaphragm and external intercostal respiratory muscles relax.

In October 2001 at the site of the World Trade Center in New York City, fires were still burning from the terrorist attacks that had brought down the buildings. The greatest danger to the respiratory system was

very small particles of debris.

Atelectasis is

a collapsed lung.

In emphysema

pressure in alveoli increases and their walls burst, coalescing them and decreasing the surface area for gas exchange.

Pneumonia can be caused by

bacteria, viruses, or fungi

Changes in the respiratory system that accompany aging are

thickened mucus.

slowed swallowing reflex.

macrophages become less efficient at keeping bacteria out.

cilia become less active or vanish.

all of the above.

all

Laryngitis is a potentially dangerous condition because it may

obstruct the airway.

Which of the following proteins transports some carbon dioxide in the blood?

Hemoglobin

In tuberculosis

fibrous connective tissue forms around the sites of bacterial infection.

The procedure used to directly examine the trachea and bronchial tree is called

bronchoscopy

Emphysema increases

total surface area of the respiratory membrane.

alveolar wall elasticity.

the number of respiratory capillaries.

temperature.

none of the above.

none

The probable function of yawning

poorly understood

Breathing rate increases during exercise due to

signals from the cerebral cortex to the respiratory areas when it also signals skeletal muscles to contract.

muscle stimulation of proprioceptors.

a joint reflex.

stimulation of the respiratory areas by decreasing blood concentration of oxygen and increasing blood concentration of carbon dioxide.

all of the above.

all

Bronchial asthma is usually caused by

an allergy

The inverse relationship between pressure and volume is known as

Boyle's law.

Cancer that originates in the lungs is most likely to begin in

epithelial (lining) cells.

Exposure to secondhand smoke can cause or increase risk of

heart disease, lung cancer, and low birth weight.

Globin is

the protein part of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood.

Arielle is an 8-year-old with cystic fibrosis. For 30 minutes each morning and evening, a parent holds her body in various positions and massages and kneads the areas over her lungs to dislodge the abundant, sticky mucus, which Arielle spits into a jar. She also takes medication - an enzyme - that thins the mucus. If she didn't take these measures, the mucus in her lungs would most likely increase her risk of

infection

The intensity (volume) of a vocal sound is a result of the

force of air passing over the vocal cords.

The volume of air that enters (or leaves) during a single respiratory cycle is the

tidal volume.

A simple spirometer cannot measure which of the following air volumes?

Residual volume

Baby Timothy suffers from apnea and is hooked up to a monitor to warn his parents when he stops breathing. Timothy's dad snores very loudly. Timothy's condition differs from his father's in that infant apnea is

a central problem of respiratory control.

Exposure to secondhand smoke increases risk of

damage to the smooth endothelial lining of blood vessels.

platelet activation

abnormal blood clotting.

decreased coronary artery blood flow.

all of the above.

all

The chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are most sensitive to changes in blood concentration of

oxygen

Air entering the potential space of the pleural cavity is called

pneumothorax

The vocal cords are in the

larynx

Which of the following factors does not directly affect breathing rate?

pH

Which of the following bones does not house a sinus?

Zygomatic

Increasing blood concentrations of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions have similar effects upon the respiratory areas due to

an increase in carbon dioxide, increasing hydrogen ions.

As the respiratory tube branches become finer,

the epithelial lining changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to cuboidal and simple squamous epithelium.

The force that moves air into the lungs during inspiration comes from the

atmospheric pressure.

The pitch of a vocal sound is controlled by changing the

tension on the vocal cord.

Hyperventilation is usually accompanied by a(n)

decrease in blood CO2 concentration and a rise in pH.

The first event in inspiration is

the diaphragm moves downward and the external intercostal muscles contract.

Carbon dioxide is sometimes added to the air that a patient breathes in order to

increase the rate and depth of breathing.

The ultimate function of breathing is to

deliver oxygen to cells, where it takes part in the reactions of cellular respiration that liberate energy from nutrient molecules and get rid of carbon dioxide, which maintains the pH of the internal environment.

Which of these laryngeal cartilages is single?

Cricoid