Genetic makeup of an individual, having one capital allele and one lower case allele
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Incomplete Dominance
Blending of two traits, such as a red flower and a white flower, producing a pink flower
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Independent Assortment
Genes from separate traits can segregate separately from each other
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Monohybrid Cross
Testing one hybrid trait such as Tt x Tt
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F1
First generation
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F2
Second generation
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Genotype
Genetic makeup of an organism, indicated by letters, such as Yy, YY, or yy
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Example of Heterozygous Alleles
Tt
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Example of Homozygous Alleles
TT, tt
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Mutiple Alleles
Genes having more than 2 alleles, such as rabbit fur
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P
Parent generation
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Rec 3:1
Ratio in a monohybrid cross
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9:3:3:1
Ratio in a dihybrid cross
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Alleles
Different forms of genes (Such as looking at a tall or short gene)
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Co-dominance
Both alleles are expressed equally, such as checkered chicken feathers (Black hen, white rooster, making a black and white feathered chick)
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Dihybrid Cross
Testing two hybrid traits such as TtRr x TtRr
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Dominance
Some traits are dominant over others, indicated by a capital letter
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Recessive
Trait masked by dominant gene
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Phenotype
Physical characteristics of an organism, what it looks like
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Polygenic Traits
Traits controlled by two or more genes, such as skin color
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Probability
Likelihood that a trait will show up
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If roan cows RW and roan bulls RW are bred, according to the principle of codominance, what percentage of the offspring are expected to be roan (Part red and part white)?
50%
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Coat color in rabbits is determined by a single that has _____
Multiple alleles
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Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study _____
The inheritance of traits
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Offspring that result from crosses between true-breeding parents with different traits
Are called hybrids
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The chemical factors that determine traits are called _____
Genes
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Gregor Mendel concluded that traits are called _____
Inherited through the passing of factors from parents to offspring
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When Gregor Mendel crossed a tall plant with a short plant, the F1 plants inherited…
An allele for tallness from the tall parent and a allele for shortness from the short parent
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The principle of dominance states that…
Some alleles are dominant and some are
recessive
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When Gregor Mendel crossed the true-breeding tall plants with true-breeding short plants, all the offspring are tall because…
the allele for tall plants is dominant
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If a pea plant has the recessive allele which is green peas, it will produce…
Green peas if it does not also have a dominant allele for yellow peas
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A tall plant is crossed with a short plant. If the tall F1 pea plants are allowed to self-pollinate…
Some of the offspring will be tall and some will be short
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In the P generation, a tall plant was crossed with a short plant. Short plants reappeared in the F2 generation because…
The allele for shortness and the allele for tallness segregated when the F1 plants produced gametes
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In the P generation, a tall plant was crossed with a short plant. If the alleles did not segregate during gamete formation…
All of the F2 plants will be tall
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When you flip a coin, what is the probability that it will come up tails?
1/2
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The principles of probability can be used to…
Predict the traits of an offspring produced by genetic crosses
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In the P generation, a homozygous tall plant is crossed with a homozygous short plant. This mating created in the F1 generation. The F1 generation self pollinated and produced the F2. Determine what the probability is that an F2 plant will be tall.
75%
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Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be…
Homozygous
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If the Punnett square shown in Figure 11-1, which of the following is true about the offspring resulting from the cross?
All are expected to be tall
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In the Punnett square shown in 11-1, the genotypes of the offspring are…
TT and Tt
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A Punnett squares shows all of the following except…
The actual results of a genetic cross
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If you made a Punnett square showing Gregor Mendel’s cross between true-breeding tall plants and true-breeding short plants, the square would show that the offspring had…
The genotype that was different from both parents
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What principle states that during gamete formation genes for different traits separate without influencing each other’s inheritance?
Principle of independent assortment
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The Punnett square in Figure 11-2 shows that the gene for pea shape and the gene for pea color…
assorted independently
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What is the phenotype ratio or percentage of the offspring in the Punnett square shown in Figure 11-2?
9 round and yellow, 3 round and green, 3 wrinkled and yellow, 1 wrinkled and green
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How many different allele combinations of R, r, and Y would be found in the gametes produced by a pea plant whose genotype was RrYY? Look for all combinations of each of these letters.
2
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If a pea plant that is a heterozygous for round, yellow peas (RrYy) is crossed with a pea plant
2
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incomplete dominance
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codominance
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polygenic traits
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all organisms
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Chromosomes
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Are on the same chromosomes
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The genes are probably located close to each other
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Less likely they are to be inherited together
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Pp x pp
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Breed it with a homozygous recessive and see if all the offspring are purple
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codominant
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Ttpp
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TtPp
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6 tall and purple, 6 tall and green, 2 short purple, 2 short green
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All will be tall and purple
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3:1 Three tall one short
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All will be round and yellow
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Pink and white
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2
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You cannot always determine the genotype from the phenotype. It could be AABB or AaBb and look exactly the same
Studied by 2 people
