Unit 5 - Imperialism (1867-1902)

Creator: Mr. Hass

Imperialism

Imperialism

The Age of American acquiring new territory, A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

Spanish American War

1898 War, "The Splendid Little War" that resulted in US gaining Philippines, Puerto Rico & Guam. This 1898 conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the United States supported Cubans' fight for indepedence. started because of yellow journalism (Hearsts NY and Pulitzer's NYW) and the explosion of U.S.S. Maine

Yellow Journalism

Sensational newspaper writing, A term for sensationalist, irresponsible journalism. Reputedly, the term is an allusion to the cartoon "The Yellow Kid" in the old New York World, a newspaper especially noted for its sensationalism., Downplaying legitimate news in favor of eye-catching headlines that sell more newspapers --- can be deceptive to readers ---- originated with conflict between Pulitzer and Hearst

Joseph Pulitzer

Owned NY World, A muckraker who designed the modern newspaper format (factual articles in one section, editorial and opinion articles in another section)., His New York World newspaper was the first newspaper to exceed a million in circulation. Filled newspaper with stories of crimes and disasters and feature stories about political and economic corruption.

William Randolph Hearst

A highly successful publisher of several papers who used yellow journalism to boost success, the most famous of which was the New York Morning Journal. Served in the House of Representatives, and owned 28 newspapers, 18 magazines, and several other news sources and radio stations by 1935.

Monroe Doctrine

America informs Europe that American continent is no longer open to colonization, 1823 - Declared that 1) Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. 2) declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence).

Nativists

U.S. citizens who opposed immigration because they were suspicious of immigrants and feared losing jobs to them; these same people also opposed annexation of the Philippines or overseas colonies because it would bring to America inferior cultures and competition for jobs from cheap labor.

William Jennings Bryan

Democrat and Populist from Nebraska who strongly opposed the annexation of the Philippines on Constitutional and Democratic principles

Alfred Thayer Mahan

U.S. Navy officer, Geo-strategist, and educator. His ideas on the importance of sea power influenced navies around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups before World War I. His research into naval History led to his most important work, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History,1660-1783, published in 1890 and influenced the U.S. Congress to expand the size of the navy and the government to seek bases in the Pacific to act as fueling points for US commerce ships and warships to protect American trade.

USS Maine

U.S. Battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898; Evidence suggests an internal explosion, however Spanish military was framed by Yellow Journalism; The incident was a catalyst for the Spanish American War

Platt Admendment

an agreement which governed the relationship between US and Cuba 1) Cuba could not make an agreement with another nation that would weaken its independence 2) US had right to buy or lease naval stations in Cuba - This includes Guantanamo Bay in Cuba yet today 3) Cuba's debt could not exceed its ability to pay 4) US had the right to intervene to protect Cuban independence and keep order

Queen Lilloukalani

Queen of Hawaii who was overthrown by capitalists led by Sanford P. Dole in an attempt to ask for the United States annexation of Hawaii.

Sanford P Dole

1894 wealthy, plantation owner and politician who was named President of New Republic of Hawaii. He asked US to annex Hawaii so he and other plantation owners could avoid paying the high tariff on goods - which hurt their sales to the U.S.

John Hay

Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who with the annexation of Hawaii and the Philippines convinced this him that the United States should announce a China policy. He did so in the Open Door notes of 1899-1900, which became the cornerstone of US policy in Asia for more than half a century.

Open Door Policy

A U.S. foreign policy spurred by the annexation of Hawaii and the Philippines in 1899. Proposed in 1899, that ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China. European nations had up to that point carved out "spheres of influence" in order to control various regions of Asia for their own monetary gain. Meant to allow the U.S. to use its new possessions of the Philippines and Hawaii as trade stations with all of Asia to feed U.S. industry and economy.

Boxer Rebellion

1900 revolt in China, aimed at ending foreign influence int he country; peasants, resenting special privileges for foreigners and Chinese Christians, who were protected by foreign missionaries, They surrounded the European section of Beijing and kept it under siege for several months, This revolt was a response to European coountries who were carving up China in the new imperialism of the 1890's; quickly suppressed." by European and American troops

Panama Canal

Construction of this began with the French in a northern province of Columbia - later they abandoned it in complete failure. After the a revolution encouraged by Teddy Roosevelt, the project was taken on by the U.S. to improve travel on the high seas and create a "two ocean" navy which could more effectively protect U.S. possession in the Pacific. Finished in 1914 in time for the start of WWI.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

Signed in 1903 between Panama and the U.S. Granted the US a 10-mile-wide strip of land to finish building the Panama Canal; paid the Panamanians $10 M and annual payments as well; gave us a 99 year lease to build and control a canal on a ten mile wide strip of land across Panama isthmus; also guaranteed the independence of Panama.

Big Stick Policy (diplomacy)

A policy enacted by President Theodore Roosevelt that encouraged being peaceful in making resolutions but use force if necessary. "Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick" - African Proverb.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Poncho Villa

A leading general of the Mexican Revolution who became angry at the U.S. for recognizing his opponent as new Mexican leader. became a folk hero seen as fighting injustice toward Mexicans on both sides of the border.

De Lome Letter

Spanish Ambassador's letter that was illegally removed from the U.S. Mail and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Used by war hawks as a pretext for war in 1898.

USS Maine

1898- U.S. Battleship exploded in Havana Harbor; Spanish military was blamed by Yellow Journalism. The incident was a catalyst for the Spanish American War.

Spanish- American War

April 25 to August 12, 1898; originally fought to guarantee Cuban independence from Spain, it also resulted in the US acquisition of the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Cuban independence. Made the US a Pacific power and spelled the end of Spain as an imperial power.

Zimmermann note

1917- a secret document to Mexico that said Germany would help them regain lost territories in Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico if they joined the war on the Central Powers side

imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically. Usually against their will

Teller Amendment

(1898) a rider (addition to the declaration of War on Spain with Spain whereby Congress pledged that it did not intend to annex Cuba, and that it would recognize Cuba's independence from Spain. PROMOTED HEAVILY BY AMERICANS CONCERNED THAT THE US WAS WAGING WAR WAS FOR IMPERIALIST - TERRITORIAL REASONS

Spanish American War

Yellow journalism, imperialism, brutality to the Cubans, explosion of the USS Maine, the deLome Letter - all would be categorized as causes of the __________

Territories Gained in the Spanish American War

Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam are all _________________

"White Man's Burden"

...the belief that Europeans had a moral responsibility to civilize primitive people's (people who aren't white) religiously, politically and economically who were considered to be less developed or unable to rule themselves. Reflected in a poem title the __________________ by Rudyard Kipling.

Hawaii

American's annexation of the Philippines after the Spanish American war raised new interests in _________________; President McKinley resorted to seeking joint resolution of the House and Senate which secured the necessary majorities in both houses. This place would serve as an essential fueling point for ships traveling to the Philippines and back.

Alfred T. Mayhan

Wrote a book saying that all great empires had an incredible sea power "Influence of Sea Power Upon History"

Josiah Strong

A social Darwinist, wrote "Our Country: It's Possible Future and Current Crisis (1885)," a racist and religious justification for American expansion. He argued that the Anglo-Saxon people were divinely ordained to dominate mankind--a case of survival of the fittest. Promoted annexation of the Philippines.

Anti-Imperialist League

Led by William Jennings Bryan - organization formed to oppose the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism principles, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

jingoism

American nationalism (extreme) and pride fueled by social darwinism, yellow journalism, competition with European imperialism and policies of Mahan and Roosevelt.

protectorate

Limited by the control of a more powerful country which also protects it but also allows some independence

Moral Diplomacy

Foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace and help Central and South American governments elect good leaders.

Roosevelt Corollary

Addition to the Monroe Doctrine made by Teddy Roosevelt asserting America's right to intervene in Latin American affairs with military force if there was disorder there that hurt US economic and political interests.

expansionism

(The U.S.) was producing so many goods that it must look overseas for other markets that it began a policy of __________________

Platt Amendment

Passed by Congress in 1901 1) Cuba makes no treaty with others if in endangers independence 2) can't borrow money if they can't pay back 3) US can get involved with Cuba affairs 4) the US can keep a permanent naval base there called Guantanamo Bay. Ended the status of Cuba as a protectorate of the U.S.

Philippine Insurrection

1899; Philippine uprising against America, led by Aguinaldo when he declared independence - resulted in up to 220,000 Philippino deaths; Filipinos had assumed that they would be granted freedom after the Spanish-American War (like the Cubans had been granted); Philippines finally got independence in 1946.

Insular Cases

a series of five Supreme Court rulings from 1901 to 1922 to determine whether or not new territories gained from the Spanish American War (Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines) should be included in America under the Constitution. The court ruled that citizenship did not automatically follow the U.S. flag ant that only Congress could determine full citizenship rights.

Foraker Act

This act passed in 1900 established Puerto Rico as an unorganized U.S. territory. Puerto Ricans were not given U.S. citizenship, but were given civilian control of the government except the U.S. president appointed the island's governor and governing council. They were allowed a non-voting representative in the U.S. Congress. All federal laws of the United States were in force on the island.

Jones Act

Passed by Congress in 1917 under Wilson's Moral Diplomacy, it granted full territorial status to the Philippines and promised independence as soon as a stable government could be established. The U.S. did not grant the Philippines independence until July 4, 1946. FOR PUERTO RICO.. they were given full U.S. citizenship and the right to elect their own upper house. (but do not vote in Presidential Elections)

The Treaty of Paris of 1898

(1898) Ends the Spanish American after six months of hostility. The U.S. got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philippines. Cuba was freed from Spain but was given partial independence with the required addition of the Platt Amendment to their constitution.

Gentleman's Agreement (1907-1908)

(1907-1908) Japan's government agreed to limit the emigration of unskilled workers to the United States in exchange for the repeal of the San Francisco segregation order. This was negotiated by Teddy Roosevelt out of fear that war with Japan, and a threat to the Philippines, could occur over the issue.