HES 105 - Midterm 2 Learning Outcomes

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Metabolic Rate

The sum of all chemical reaction in the body including all anabolic and catabolic reaction as well as endergonic and exergonic

How do we quantify Metabolic Rat

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Metabolic rate can be quantified by measuring the amount of oxygen consumed or carbon dioxide produced by an organism over a specific period of time AKA indirect calorimetry. We can also use direct calorimetry

indirect calorimetry

Used to provide an indirect measure of energy transfer or metabolic rate by measuring the amount of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide produced during metabolism.

Direct Calorimetry

Provides a direct measure of energy transfer/metabolic rate in joules or kcal; measures the amount of heat produced by the subject in order to determine metabolic rate; the subject must be in an insulated chamber where the measurement of the change of temperature is taken from.

What is the practical utility of Indirect and Direct Calorimetry

Indirect is much more practical because direct requires placing the subject in a completely isolated box in order to create a closed system.

How much O2 is there in the air we breathe

20\.93%

How much CO2 is there in the air we breathe

0\.004%

Whats O2's role in aerobic metabolism

Act as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, which allows for the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

How we express Vo2 in absolute terms

mL/min or L/min

How do we express VO2 in relative terms

mL/kg/min

Absolute VO2

The total cost of activities that are not weight-bearing

Relative VO2

The total energy cost for activities that require one to move one’s body weight

Basal Metabolic Rate

The cost of all the background processes to keep you alive and maintain homeostasis

What influences Basal Metabolic Rate

Body mass and composition, sex, age, hormones, and genetics

Maximal Metabolic Rate

The max rate of energy transfer a person can achieve

* anywhere between 1 and 10-20 METs

Resting Metabolic Rate

The actual cost of being alive not including any meaningful movement

* includes cost of digestion

What Influences Resting Metabolic Rate

What/how much you eat, body position, state of arousal, psych state

What Influences Maximal Metabolic Rate

Training status, sex, age, body mass and composition, genetics, and duration

Activity Metabolic Rate

Any stage between resting MR and maximal MR

What influences Activity Metabolic Rate

Type of activity, intensity, and duration

The six categories of exercise

* static resistance
* Dynamic resistance
* very short-term high intensity
* short-term light to moderate
* Long term moderate to heavy
* incremental exercise to max

Respiratory Quotient

Compares O2 consumption and CO2 production at the cell

Respiratory Exchange Ratio

Compares O2 consumption and CO2 production at the lung

Muscular Endurance

How much muscular force you can use/sustain

Anaerobic Endurance

Ability to sustain or repeat intense, short-duration activities

Aerobic Endurance

Ability to perform prolonged dynamic exercises that use either the whole body or large muscle groups

* supported mostly by aerobic metabolism

What are the three major determinants of aerobic endurance performance

* VO2max
* Threshold
* Efficiency

Mechanical Efficiency

The effectiveness of energy conversion

Eupnea

Normal, unlabored breathing at a regular rate and depth, without any signs of distress or difficulty.

Hypernea

Abnormally rapid or deep breathing resulting in excess oxygen intake and carbon dioxide elimination from the body.

What are the ventilatory responses

Phase 1: Immediate Increase

Phase 2: Exponential Increase

Phase 3: Steady State