Lesson 1-3: Physical Education and Health 4

Knot Tying

A simple mechanical skill that requires practice and repetition to become natural and can be life-saving in survival situations.

Overhand Knot

The simplest type of knot, made by crossing the rope end around the standing part to form a loop, bringing the rope’s end through the loop, and pulling it taut.

Figure Eight Knot

One of the strongest knots that forms a secure, non-slip loop at the end of a rope; commonly used by mountain climbers.

Flemish Bend

Another name for the Figure Eight Knot, known for its strength, security, and ease of visual inspection.

Simple (Reef) Knot

A knot formed by tying a left-handed overhand knot followed by a right-handed overhand knot, or vice versa, commonly used to tie two ends of a single line together. 4

Sheepshank Knot

A simple knot used for temporarily shortening a rope or reinforcing a weak section by positioning the weak point between two loops.

Slip Knot

A stopper knot that tightens around an object when pulled from the short end and is easily undone by pulling the tail.

Clove Hitch

A knot used to temporarily fasten a rope to an object by forming two loops and threading the end through, which can be easily undone by lifting it off.

Timber Hitch

A knot used to attach a single length of rope to a cylindrical object, remaining secure under tension and easily untied even after heavy loading.

Bowline

A knot that forms a loop that will not slip, known for its use in rescue harnesses and its reliability.

Rescue Knot

Another name for the Bowline, due to its effectiveness in forming secure, non-slip loops for rescue harnesses.

King of All Knots

A title often given to the Bowline for its reliability, versatility, and ability to form a secure loop that will not slip.

Fire Starting

Also known as fire making, it is the process of starting a fire artificially using various components and understanding the fire triangle.

Fire Triangle

The three elements needed for a fire to burn

Tinder

Material that catches fire easily but burns quickly, such as dry leaves, dry bark, wood shavings, dry grass, and fluffy fungi.

Kindling

Small twigs and branches that catch fire from tinder and sustain the flame long enough for fuel wood to ignite.

Fuel Wood

The primary source of heat and longevity for a fire, including large logs, medium-sized branches, and sticks.

Teepee Fire Lay

A fire-laying technique where tinder is placed in the center with kindling arranged in a teepee shape above it, allowing flames to rise and ignite the kindling and fuel wood.

Lean-to Fire Lay

A fire-laying technique where a long piece of kindling is stuck into the ground at a 30-degree angle with tinder placed underneath and kindling leaned against the support stick.

Log Cabin Fire Lay

A fire-laying technique where large pieces of fuel wood are placed like logs to form a square, with smaller pieces stacked to form a cabin or pyramid shape.

Igneous Rocks

Certain rocks like flint and obsidian that can create sparks when struck, useful for starting fires.

Flint and Steel

Artificial fire starters essential for camping and scouting, used to produce sparks when struck together.

Tinderboxes

Containers that keep tinder dry and protect it from moisture, essential for starting fires in outdoor environments.

Pocket Knives

Tools used to whittle kindling and tinder; some can also be struck against flint to produce sparks.

First Aid

It is the immediate care given to a person or victim who has suddenly become ill or has been injured.

3C’s of First Aiding

Check, Call, Care.

Gentle

Shouldn’t cause pain.

Resourceful

Makes best use of all things.

Observant

Notice all signs.

Sympathetic

Should be comforting.

Tactful

Shouldn’t be alarming.

Fainting

Caused by a sudden fall in the supply of blood to the brain that results in temporary loss of consciousness.

Nose Bleed

Occurs when a small blood vessel in the lining of the nose breaks.

Wounds

Break in the continuity of a tissue either external or internal, usually caused by external physical forces.

Open (External) Wound

Break in the skin or in a mucous membrane.

Closed (Internal) Wound

Involves underlying tissues without a break in the skin or a mucous membrane.

Abrasion

Results from scraping the skin, causing oozing of blood from ruptured small veins and capillaries.

Puncture

Produced by bullets and pointed objects; may penetrate deeply, causing internal bleeding and a high risk of infection.

Avulsion

Forcible separation or tearing of tissue from the body, often involving heavy bleeding.

Laceration

Jagged, irregular, or blunt tears in the soft tissues; often more severe and contaminated than cuts.

Contusion

Blunt trauma causing pressure damage to the skin and/or underlying tissues, including bruises.

Blisters

Fluid-filled pockets under the skin.

Hematoma

A blood-filled area that develops under the skin or body tissue due to internal blood vessel damage.

Fracture

A medical condition where there is a break in the continuity of the bone.

RICE Protocol

Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation – used to control pain, bleeding, and inflammation.

Rest

Protect the injured area by stopping play or using a protective device.

Ice

Use cold packs for 20 minutes at a time to reduce pain and swelling.

Compression

Lightly wrap the injured area with a soft bandage to reduce swelling.

Elevation

Raise the injured area above the level of the head to reduce swelling.

Fracture

A break or crack in the bone caused by impact, stress, or weakened bones.

Greenstick Fracture

An incomplete fracture where the bone bends and breaks, commonly in children.

Transverse Fracture

A fracture at a right angle to the bone’s axis, often resulting from a strong perpendicular force.

Spiral Fracture

A fracture with a curved or sloped pattern, often caused by twisting injuries.

Comminuted Fracture

A break or splinter of the bone into more than two fragments, usually from high-impact trauma.

Compound Fracture

A fracture where bone ends are no longer touching, often requiring surgery to prevent infection.

Bandaging

Applying pressure to wounds, covering burns, and providing support and immobilization for injuries.

Types of Bandages

Gauze, Elastic, Triangular, Tubular.

Head Top

For head injuries; involves folding the base, crossing over at the back, and securing with a knot.

Chest Bandage

Apex at the shoulder, secured with a square knot at the back, and tied with the apex.

Hand Bandage

Covers the hand with the apex over the fingers, crossing ends over the wrist and tying with a knot.

Arm Sling

Supports an injured arm by placing a folded base vertically, tying at the neck, and securing with a knot.

Underarm Sling

Similar to the arm sling but with the lower end of the base tucked under the injured arm.

Cravat Bandage

A versatile bandage used for various body parts, applied by wrapping and tying securely over the injury.