Clinical Nutrition- Exam 1- Appendix 30 Vegetarian Nutrition

Semi vegetarian

Vegetable,s grains, nuts, fruits, legumes, someitmes seafood, poultry, eggs, dairy

Pescatarian

Semi vegetarian, but excludes poultry

Lacto-ovo-vegetarian

Vegetables, grains, nuts, fruits, legumes, dairy, eggs

Ovo-vegetarian

Vegetables, grains, nuts, fruits, legumes, eggs

Lacto-vegetarian

Vegetables, grains, nuts, fruits, legumes, dairy

Vegan

Vegetables, grains, nuts, fruits, legumes

Fruititarian

Raw or dries fruits, seeds, nuts ,honey and vegetable oil

What are some potential health benefits of consuming a more plant based diet

Decreased incidence of:

-cancer

-ischemic heart disease

-diabetes

-hypertension

What are some potential risks for consuming a more plant based diet

Lead to orthorexia nervosa (ON)

C reactive protein is decreased in_______ but not in __________

(Except in who?)

Vegans but not in vegetarians

Except in vegetarian with kidney disease

Lower risk of kidney stones in

Lacto-vegetarians

Obsessive focus on healthy eating as defines by a dietary theory or set of beliefs whose specific details may vary, marked by exaggerated emotional distress in relationship to food choices perceived as unhealthy, weight loss may ensue as a result of dietary choices, but this is not the primary goal

Orthorexia nervosa (ON)

The compulsive behavior and mental preoccupation becomes clinically impairing by any of the following

Malnutrition

Distress

Self worth is tied to "healthy eating"

Why don't vegetarians get as much iron

It's non-heme iron in plants so we don't absorb it as much

Highest source of proteins in food

Soy protein isolate

Tofu

How many servings of legumes are recommended daily

3 servings of legumes/day

What are vegetarians ways to get omega-3s?

Get it from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)

Found in hemp, blackcurrant, cyanobacgterium

EPA can be found in kelp and

Protein RDA for vegetarians

Younger vegetarians= 0.9-1.0 g/kg

Older vegetarian= 1.0 g/kg

What types of omega 3 fatty acids do we need

EPA and DHA (primarily found in fish)

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) has limited conversion to EPA and DHA because

Inefficient delta 6 desaturase

Gas is a major GI side effect of vegetarian diets, how can they decrease gas?

Slowly increase fiber in the diet

Presoak beans, discard soaking water

Rinse canned beans well

Remove foam that surfaces during cooking

Cook legumes till soft

Tofu and tempeh have less oligosaccharides

Don't gulp air while eating

What are some nutrients of concern in vegetarians

Iron

Zinc

Iodine

Calcium

B12

Vitamin D

Most common mineral imbalances for vegetarians

Iron, zinc, calcium and iodine

Why do they have mineral imbalances

Presence of phytates and oxalaes in diet that inhibit mineral absorption

Foods consumed are poor source of minerals

What are ways to decrease phytate in foods

Soaking

Germinating

Fermenting

Boiling

Plant based sources of iron

Soy foods (main source)

Dark leafy greens

Peas, beans, lentils

Seeds, nuts

Plant based sources of iodine

Supplement

Iodized salt

Kelp

Nori

(If there is one dairy or fish intake)

Plant based source of calcium

Kale, bok choy, broccoli

JUICE WITH CALCIUM (probably the best one)

Plant based sources of vitamin D

Fortified non dairy milks/juice

Fortified cereal

RDA for iron for vegetarians

Vegetarians is 1.8x higher

RDA of iron

Women of childbearing= 18mg

Men and older women= 8 mg

Pregnant vegetarian= 48.6 mg

RDA of iodine

150 mcg/d

RDA for Vitamin D for vegetarians

Adult up to 70yrs 15 mcg (600 IU)

Adults over 70 20 mcg (800 IU)

How do you test for vitamin B12 status

Blood or urine methylmalonic acid

How do you test for serum vitamin D

Assess 25-hydroxy vitamin D3

Treating B12 deficiency

Supplements= 10-25 mcg/d OR 1000 mg 2x/weel

2 daily serving is of fortified foods

Monthly injections

Anyone over 50 should take

Supplements of B12

Symptoms of B12 deficiency

Megalobastic anemia

Nerve damage

GI disturbances