Ap Euro Final

Lutheranism Beliefs

Salvation through faith alone (Sola Fide), Bible is the sole authority (Sola Scriptura), rejection of indulgences, preisthood of all believers

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Granted religious tolerance to Huguenots in France. It was issues by Henry IV (a former Huguenot), but it was revoked by Louis XIV in 1685 (Edict of Fontainebleau),

Italy (1450-1500)

Not unified; divided into 5 city-states (Florence, Venice, Milan, Papal States, Naples). Wealth from trade and banking (especially Florence). Intense politcal competition and patronage of the arts.

John Locke - Two Treatise of Government

Text about natural rights: life, liberty, and the persuit of property. Government exists to protect rights; if it fails, citizens have the right to overthrow it. His writings were a key influence on Enlightenment and later revolutions (e.g. American, French).

Politcal Terms: Left and Right

Origin: French Revoltuion (Seating in the National Assembly —radicals on the left, conservatives on the right)

Left = progressive, change - oriented

Right = traditionalist, order - oriented

Romantic Writers

Wordworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley, Keats (Britain)

Goethe (Germany), Victor Hugo (France)

Emphasized emotion, nature, nationalism, and individualism

Crimean War (1853-1856)

Big issue: Russia vs Ottoman Empire; Britian and France intervented to check Russian expansion

Religious tension over control of sacred sites in the Holy Land

Versailles Palace (Louis XIV)

Built by Louis XIV to display power and wealth. It removed nobles from Paris to control them more easily (“domestication of the nobility”).

Austrian Habsburgs (17th Century)

Fought in the Thirty Years’. Not Spanish Habsburgs — based in Austria, sought to consolidate control over a diverse empire (many ethnicities, languages, religions).

French Revolution (1789)

Causes: Financial Crisis, Enlightenment Ideas, Social Inequaility, Weak Leadership

Stages: Moderate, Radical (Reign of Terror), Thermidorian Reaction, Napolean

Corn Laws (1846)

Tariffs on imported grain to protect landowners

Repealed due to famine (Irish Potato Famine), pressure from industrialists, free trade ideology

18th Century Philosophes

Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Diderot

Emphasized reason, progress, secularism, individual liberty, and critiques of monarchy and religion

Concert of Europe

System of international cooperation post-Napoleon

Jules Michelet (French Historian) reflected cultural nationalism (“everyone has their instruemnt” = metaphor for nations’ roles in harmony).

Adam Smith

Father of Capitalism, wrote The Wealth of Nations (1776)

Advocated for laissez-fair economics, invisible hand, division of labour

Charles I (England)

Executed in 1649 after the English Civil War

First Monarch was tried and executed by his own people

Believed in Divine Right of King (Chosen by God)

Royal Absolutism - attempted to rule without Parliament

Diseases - Industrial Revolution

Cholera, Tuberculosis, and other urban diseases spread due to poor sanitation and overcrowding

Mary Wollstonecraft & John Stuart Mill

Early advocated for women’s rights

Wollstencraft: A Vindication of the Rights of Women

Mill: The Subjection of Women - argued for equality and female education

Bolshevik Slogan

Peace, Land, and Bread

Appelaed to soldiers, peasants, and workers during the Russian Revolution

Sigmund Freud

Father of Psychoanalysis

Theories on the unconscios mind, dream interpretation, id/ego/superego

Influenced modern psychology and culture

Headlines - WWI Context

“Serbia galvanized Slavs” likely tied to Balkan nationalism and tensions leading to WWI

Could also involve events like the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Educational Reform (France 1870-1890) Application-Based

Jules Ferry Laws: secular, free, and compulsory public education

Anti-Clerical Policies; Diminished Church influence in schools

1908 Political Cartoon — Application Based

Likely linked to Bosnian Crisis or Second Moroccan Crisis

Military Figures: Kaiser Wilhelm II, Franz Joseph, or British/French Generals

1908 Futurist Manifesto — Application Based

Emphasized speed, technology, violence, youth, and industrialization

Rejected tradition and embraced modernity

Linked with Filippo Tommaso Marinetti