Unit 7 Ap euro

Napoleon III

(1852-1870) Former Louis Napoleon, who became president of the Second Republic of France in 1848 and engineered a coup d'etat, ultimately making himself head of the Second Empire.

Giuseppe Mazzini

a radical idealistic patriot who wanted a centralized democratic republic based on universal male suffrage and will of the people in Italy

Camillo Benso di Cavour

chief minister of Sardinia who entered into a secret agreement with Napoleon III to plan a war against Austria

Giuseppe Garibaldi

A "super patriot" of Italy, he helped unify southern Italy with the help of his Red Shirts

Red Shirts

Nationalistic group/army created and led by Guiseppe Garibaldi to end foreign control of Italy during the 19th century.

Zollverein

The name of the free trade zone that German states created prior to their unification.

William I (Prussia)

Prussian king who became emperor of Germany after the Franco-Prussian War., tried to enlarge the Prussian army apointed Ottto von Bismarck

Otto von Bismarck

German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united (1815-1898)

Austro-Prussian War (1866)

Officially over an Austrian/Prussian disagreement of policy, but actually from Bismark's desire to rid himself of Austria, this war paved the way to German unification.

Franco-Prussian War

This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany).

Crimean War (1853-1856)

Conflict ostensibly waged to protect Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire, in actuality to gain a foothold in the Black Sea. Turks, Britain, and France forced Russia to sue for peace. The Treaty of Paris (1856) forfeited Russia's right to maintain a war fleet in the Black Sea. Russia also lost the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia.

Alexander II (Russia)

Russian tsar who came to power in the midst of the Crimean War. Turned his energies into a serious overhaul of the Russian system.

Sergei Witte

russian minister of finance from 1892-1903; economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged western investors to build factories in russia.

Nicholas II of Russia

-lost Russo-Japanese war, had his family executed by the Bolsheviks.

Bloody Sunday

1905; peaceful march by russians turned deadly when Czar's guards fire on crowd, killing hundreds

October Manifesto

(1905), issued by Nicholas II, attempted to quiet strikes, local revolts, promised freedom of speech and assembly, called the Duma into session

Duma

The elected parliament. Though through establishing this is seemed like the Czar was giving his people power, in reality he could easily get rid of this if they made any laws or such that he didn't like.

Reichstag

The popularly elected lower house of government of the new German Empire after 1871.

Kulturkampf

Bismarck's anticlerical campaign to expel Jesuits from Germany and break off relations with Vatican. Eventually, after little success, Bismarck halted these policies.

German Social Democratic Party

based on Marxist theories but also competed in elections for seats in German parliament, tried to pass legislation to improve condition of working class

Second Reform Bill of 1867

introduced by the Conservative ministry
-it increased the number of voters from approximately 1,430,000 to 2,470,000 where large numbers of male working-class voters were admitted to the electorate

Third Reform Bill of 1884

British bill that granted virtually full male suffrage
Gave the vote in England to almost every adult male.

Dreyfus Affair

1894 Falsely charged for supplying French secrets to the Germans. Coincidentally a jew. Found guilty and sent to Devil's Island. After 10 years there he was given a full pardon by President Loubet

People's Budget

A bill proposed after the Liberal Party came to power in Britain in 1906, it was designed to increase spending on social welfare services, but was initially vetoed in the House of Lords.

Francis Joseph

Emperor of Austria following Ferdinand's abdication in 1848. Generally out of his time. Responsible for dual-monarchy.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Anti-Semitism

hostility to or prejudice against Jews.

Karl Lueger

(1844-1910), mayor of Vienna, succeeded in winning the support of the people, greatly influenced Hitler, showed him the enormous potential of anticapitalist and antiliberal propaganda

Zionism

A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.

Theodor Herzl

German Jewish Politician who advocated the policy of Zionism and the creation of a nation state for all Jewish people.

Marxism

Emerged as the most famous socialist belief system during the 19th century. Saw all of history as the story of class struggle.

Revisionism

Socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions.

Opium Wars

Wars between Britain and the Qing Empire (mind 1800s), caused by the Qing government's refusal to let Britain import Opium. China lost and Britain and most other European powers were able to develop a strong trade presence throughout China against their wishes.

New Imperialism

The late-nineteenth-century drive by European countries to create vast political empires abroad.

Cecil Rhodes

Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.

Henry M. Stanley

A sensation-seeking journalist and part-time explorer sent by Leopold II to the Congo basin. Established trade and land for Belgium there.

Berlin Conference (1884 - 1885)

The meeting of European imperialist powers to divide Africa among them

Fashoda Crisis (page 807)

Military confrontation between Great Britain and France in the Sudan in 1898

Maxim Machine Gun

the first automatic machine gun; invention that allowed conquest of the interior of Africa

Quinine

a drug used for fighting malaria and other fevers

Civilizing Mission

A European understanding of empire that emphasized Europeans' duty to "civilize inferior races" by bringing Christianity, good government, education, work discipline, and production for the market to colonized peoples, while suppressing "native customs," such as polygamy, that ran counter to Western ways of living.

Lenin's critique of Imperialism

concluded imperialism represented the "highest stage" of advanced monopoly capitalism and would lead to the collapse of capitalist society

White Man's Burden

The idea that Europeans could and should civilize more primitive nonwhite peoples and that imperialism would eventually provide nonwhites with modern achievements and higher standards of living.

Sepoy Rebellion (the Great Rebellion)

1857-58 insurrection by Muslim and Hindu mercenaries in British army that spread throughout northern and central India before finally being rushed
-Britain ruled India till 1947
-British feminists tried to improve lives of Indian women, both Hindu and Muslim promoting freedoms the Western women gained

J.A. Hobson

writer; argues that if workers were better paid, they could more readily afford to buy the products of industry, and foreign markets would not be necessary.

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

Age of Exploration

Time period during the 15th and 16th centuries when Europeans searched for new sources of wealth and for easier trade routes to China and India. Resulted in the discovery of North and South America by the Europeans.

Motives: God, Glory, Gold

Compare and contrast the Age of exploration and New Imperialism

the age of exploration, the main focuses were god, gold, and glory; it began due to the need to find new trading routes to Asia with growth of competition with European countries.

The age of New Imperialism focus was ruled by indirect and then direct rule(territorial Expansion), with the goal of getting industrial resources and markets

Both wanted land to conquer and rule over for the sake of their country