Clinical Psychology Pomerantz Ch. 1-5

Assessment

gathering of information and data. interviews, psych tests, observation

Scientist practitioner model (Boulder model)

an approach to clinical psychology w/ the dual emphasis on both practice and research.

Practitioner scholar model (Vail model)

Doctoral level degree with less extensive training in research & more extensive training in the development of applied clinical skills. More emphasis on practice.

Clinical scientist model

strongly science oriented model of training. Scientific side of clinical psychology.

Licensure

enables independent practice and identification as a member of the clinical psychologist profession. Requires appropriate graduate coursework, internship, licensing exams

Counseling psychologists

Psychologists who specialize in the treatment of everyday adjustment problems. Less disturbed clients. Tend to endorse humanism more and behaviorism less. Not often present at inpatient units.

Psychiatrists

Physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. Go to medical school and are physicians. Prescription privileges. Emphasize biological and pharmaceutical perspectives rather than therapy.

Social Workers

professionals with training in social welfare, human behavior, and the social environment who work with individuals, families, and groups. Emphasize social factors in client's issues. Master's degree.

School psychologists

Work in school systems to help children with academic problems or special needs. Conduct school related testing and determine learning disabilities/ ADHD diagnoses. Consult w. adults in children's lives.

Professional counselors

A professional who works with individuals and families to overcome developmental and unexpected life changes in order to facilitate client wellness and personal growth. Specifically, work to prevent psychological problems and promote healthy development. Masters degree. Little emphasis on psychological testing and research.

Neurosis

Patients who suffer from psychiatric symptoms but have overall grasp of reality

Psychosis

Patients who cannot grasp reality. Hallucinations, delusions, grossly disorganized thinking

exogenous disorders

Emil Kraepelin's term for disorders caused by external factors

endogenous disorders

Emil Kraepelin's term for disorders caused by internal factors

William Tuke

An English Quaker who opened the York Retreat, which pioneered new methods of treatment of mentally ill patients.

Philippe Pinel

French physician who worked to reform the treatment of people with mental disorders

Eli Todd

1762-1832; Connecticut; At that time, there were very few hospitals for the mentally ill and burden fell on family; used Pinel's efforts as model; opened humane treatment centers in US

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

Lighter Witmer

(1907) first to use term "clinical psychology" in print

Founded first psychological clinics (for children with behavioral or educational problems)

Suggested methods are applicable to all ages and with a variety of problems

multiaxial system

the system used in the DSM that provides assessment along five axes describing important mental health factors

Diagnostic Criteria

The specific criteria used to determine whether an individual has a specific type of psychiatric disorder. (DSM)

Intelligence Assessment

Evaluation of cognitive abilities such as communication, reasoning, abstract thought, learning, and problem solving.

E. L. Thorndike

believed individuals possess different intelligence levels, separated in the mind

Charles Spearman

1863-1945; Field: intelligence; Contributions: found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability)

Alfred Binet

1857-1911; Field: testing; Contributions: general IQ tests, designed test to identify slow learners in need of remediation-not applicable in the U.S. because too culture-bound (French)

Binet-Simon Scale

an intelligence test developed by Binet and Simon for children that consists of 30 different tasks of increasing difficulty

Hermann Rorschach

1884-1922; Field: personality, psychoanalysis; Contributions: developed one of the first projective tests, the Inkblot test which consists of 10 standardized inkblots where the subject tells a story, the observer then derives aspects of the personality from the subject's commentary

projective test

a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

objective test

a forced-choice test (in which a person must select one of several answers) designed to study personality characteristics

MMPI

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

behavioral approach

An approach to psychology emphasizing the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants. Empirical method.

humanistic approach

An approach to psychology emphasizing a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny.

Cognitive Approach

An approach to psychology emphasizing the mental processes involved in knowing: how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems.

Rorschach inkblot test

A projective personality test in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent's inner feelings and interpret his or her personality structure

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures to uncover unconscious ideas, conflicts, interests etc

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

Why clinical psychologists should prescribe

1. shortage of psychiatrists

2. Cps are more expert regarding mental health than PCPs.

3. Other non-physicians have prescription privileges (optometrists, APRNs..)

4. client convenience

5. professional autonomy (feeling more capable to provide)

6. professional identification (feeling more credible to clients)

7. evolution of field & profession

8. revenue for the profession

Why clinical psychologists should not prescribe

1. training issues (how much is enough?)

2. threats to psychotherapy (medicating could take over)

3. identity confusion (some CPs could prescribe, some not. Psychiatrists = pointless?)

4. potential influence on pharmacological industry

Multiculturalism

A perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions

cultural concepts of distress

the shared ways in which cultural groups or communities experience, express, and interpret distress

heterogeneity

state of being dissimilar, composition from unlike elements

etic perspective

the perspective of the outside observer

emic perspective

the perspective of the insider, the one belonging to the cultural group in question

triparte model of personal identity

perspective in which instead of etic and emic, we consider a continuum. Consists of individual level, group level, and individual level.

individual level

all individuals are, in some respects, like no other individuals, uniqueness, includes genetic endowment and non-shared experiences

group level

all individuals are, in some respects, like some other individuals, similarities and differences, i.e. gender, race, age, and ethnicity

universal level

all individuals are, in some respects, like all other individuals, homo sapiens, ability to use symbols , self-awareness, biological and physical similarities, common life experiences

Subculture

A group of people with shared value systems based on common life experiences and situations

cultural self-awareness

An important component of cultural competence by which the clinical psychologist recognizes the uniqueness of his or her own cultural perspective

cultural competence

having an awareness and acceptance of cultures and the ability to interact effectively with people of diverse cultures. An understanding of how a patient's cultural background shapes his beliefs, values, and expectations for therapy.

Knowledge of Diverse Cultures

psychologists gain knowledge by reading, direct experiences, relationships w. people of various cultures, asking clients to explain cultural meanings etc. Knowing about and having an understanding of cultural practices etc.

Acculturation

the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture

Assimilation

people adopt a high degree of their new culture and a low degree of their original culture

Separation

people adopt a low level of their new culture and retain a high level of their original culture

Marginalization

people retain a high level of their original culture and acquire a low level of their new culture

Integration

people adopt a high level of their new culture and maintain a high level of their original culture

cultural adaptation

Modifying treatments with empirical evidence for members of a cultural group

Intersectionality

multiple cultural factors can combine to create a unique culture for a particular individual.

aspirational principles

general principles section, describes an ideal level of ethical functioning, or what to strive for

Enforceable principles

ethical standards section- includes rules of conduct that can mandate minimal levels of behavior. Can be specifically violated and lead to loss of licensure

Tarasoff case

A landmark legal case resulting in clinical psychologists' duty to warn potential victims of dangerous or harmful acts whose identity is revealed by clients during psychological services.

Beneficence and Nonmaleficence

APA principle. Working for the benefit of people and avoiding harm to them

Fidelity and Responsibility

APA principle - Psychologists must act professionally in ways that support the discipline of psychology and benefit their community, especially regarding the well-being of the people with whom they interact professionally.

Integrity

APA principle- Promote and practice accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in psychology

Justice

APA principle- access, benefit, and equality is entitled to all persons who seek psychological service

Respect for People's Rights and Dignity

APA principle- Psychologists respect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination.

duty to warn and protect

Many states permit (if not require) therapists to breach confidentiality to warn and protect potential victims of crime. / anyone who their client credibly threats.

Reasons to breach confidentiality

1. Threats of hurting oneself

2. Threats of hurting others

3. Suspicion of vulnerable adult abuse

4. Suspicion of child abuse

informed consent

A written agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail.

Multiple Relationships

A circumstance in which a clinical psychologist has a professional relationship with an individual and also has another type of relationship with the same person or has a relationship with someone closely associated with the person

Competence

psychologists who are capable, skilled, experienced, and expert enough to adequately complete the professional tasks they undertake.

Boundaries of Competence

The limits of competence that a clinical psychologist has an ethical obligation not to overstep

burnout

a state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion created by long-term involvement in emotionally demanding work and accompanied by lowered performance and motivation

test security

Protection of the integrity of psychological test materials by preventing them from entering the public domain

test data

The raw data provided by clients during an assessment