Biology Concepts and Processes

A set of flashcards covering key biological concepts, enzyme functions, genetic principles, and processes relevant for study.

Which component of the cytoskeleton is involved in muscle contraction?

Microfilaments

What functional group is present in amino acids?

Amino group

What is an example of a molecule with a double bond?

O₂

Which process can occur in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions?

Glycolysis

What occurs during the energy investment phase of glycolysis?

ATP is used to phosphorylate glucose and fructose-6-phosphate.

What determines the specificity of enzymes?

The 3D shape of the enzyme and substrates.

What happens when an enzyme is added to a reaction and the rate increases but the product amount remains the same?

The enzyme accelerates the reaction rate but does not change the equilibrium position.

What are cofactors in enzyme function?

Inorganic ions that assist enzyme function.

How many cycles of the Calvin cycle are required to produce one molecule of G3P?

Three.

Which type of plant utilizes C4 photosynthesis?

Corn.

What is the main function of the electron transport chain in light reactions?

Create a proton gradient for ATP production.

Where is glucose synthesized during photosynthesis?

From carbon dioxide and water.

When is CAM photosynthesis particularly beneficial?

For plants in arid environments.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of chloroplasts?

Site of cellular respiration.

What happens during the initiation phase of DNA replication?

The DNA helix unwinds and the replication fork is formed.

What contributes to the stability of DNA?

The covalent bonds in the backbone.

What occurs during a silent mutation?

The amino acid sequence remains unchanged.

What mechanism involves removing incorrectly added bases after replication?

Mismatch repair.

What holds the two strands of DNA together?

Hydrogen bonds.

Where does DNA replication occur in eukaryotes?

In the nucleus.

What type of alleles can be considered lethal?

Both dominant and recessive.

What is Mendel's second law known as?

The Law of Independent Assortment.

What is the first meiotic division called?

Meiosis I.

What holds homologous chromosomes together during synapsis?

Synaptonemal complex.

What is a well-known tumor suppressor gene?

p53.

What do homologous chromosomes refer to?

Chromosomes that pair during reproduction.

Which checkpoint prevents a cell with damaged DNA from progressing?

G1 checkpoint.

What are homologous structures?

Similar structures in different species indicating a common ancestor.

What is gene flow?

The movement of alleles in and out of a population due to migration.

What may amplify changes caused by genetic drift?

Founder effect.

Which enzyme synthesizes mRNA during transcription?

RNA polymerase.

What is PCR used for?

Amplifying DNA segments.