Bio 205 Ch 8

In plant root nodules; what type of bacteria convert atmospheric N into ammonia for use by the plants?

Nitrogen fixing bacteria - Rhizobium

What do we call a pathway used to synthesize larger molecules? One example?

Anabolic pathway

Ex- photosynthesis

What do we call a pathway used to break down larger molecules? One example?

Catabolic pathway

Glycolysis - cellular respiration

Oxidation is

Loss of electrons, gain of charge

Reduction is

Gain of electrons, reduction of charge

How is ATP regenerated?

Phosphorylation : endergonic reaction by adding energy to put phosphates back on it

AMP

1 phosphate

ADP

2 phosphates

ATP

3 phosphates

lactase

Enzyme that works for metabolizing lactose

Catalase

Substrate that breaks down hydrogen peroxide

Lipase

Enzyme that breaks down lipids

What is substrate level phosphorylation

Beginning of glycolysis when glucose (6 carbon molecules) is turned into G3P by adding phosphate (phosphorylization)

You’re phosphorylating a carbon molecule, not just ATP

What preliminary metabolic process produces two pyruvate molecules, 2 ATP and 2 NADH from one glucose molecule?

Glycolysis

What are 3 reasons an organism might ferment rather than proceeding with full cellular respiration?

If they don’t have the right enzymes in transport train or Kreb cycle

Maybe they don’t have enough oxygen

oxygen is toxic for them so they use fermentation instead

Obligate aerobe

can only grow with oxygen. It will grow at the top of the tube.

Ex. Humans

Obligate anaerobe

Organism that can’t grow in presence of oxygen. Grow in bottom of tube

Oxygen free radicals are too toxic to it and it has no way to detoxify them

Sacchromyces cerevisea converts carbohydrates to what final end products?

Carbon dioxide and ethanol

Used in fermentation of bread and alcohol

What type of fermentation is used in the production of yogurt? what are some organisms involved in lactic acid fermentation?

Lactobacillus, S. Thermophiles

Luconostoc mesentaroides

Is used in souring vegetables like cucumbers, cabbage, pickles, and sauerkraut

The light dependent reactions of photosynthesis convert ____ into chemical energy

Light energy

Where do bacteria conduct photosynthesis?

Thylekoid In their cell membrane

Where do plants (eukaryotics) typically conduct photosynthesis?

In chloroplasts

What color are carotenoids?

Red or orange

What color light do carotenoids absorb?

Green light

The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis are also called:

Calvin cycle or dark cycle

Some bacteria are used to clean up after oil spills, what is this called?

Bioremediation

What are xenobiotics?

Are compounds that are synthesized by humans and introduced into the environment in concentrations or places that they wouldn’t naturally occur

How do xenobiotics relate to bioremediation by friendly microbes?

Organisms are able to break down some of the bad compounds to correct our “bad choices”

T or F: Prokaryotes can metabolize organic and inorganic matter for energy

True

T or F: Eukaryotes can only metabolize organic matter for energy

True

What type of reaction releases energy?

Exergonic

What type of reaction requires energy to proceed

endergonic

T or F: An autotroph can convert carbon dioxide into organic carbon compounds

True

T or F: A heterotroph can convert carbon dioxide into organic carbon compounds

False

Phototrophs get their energy for electron transfer from _____

Light

Lithographs are chemotrophs that get energy from _____

Inorganic compounds

Oxidation reactions ______ electrons from donor molecules, leaving them oxidized

Remove

Reduction reactions ______ electrons to acceptor molecules, leaving them reduced

Add

What are some common energy carriers in the cell?

NAD+

NADP+

FAD

ATP

What molecule is known as the “energy currency” of the cell and can carry high energy phosphate bonds?

ATP

A substance that helps speed up a chemical reaction is a

Catalyst

An enzyme lack a necessary cofactor or coenzyme is called

An apoenzyme

An enzyme with the necessary associated cofactor or coenzyme is called ____ and is active

A holoenzyme

________ is the most common pathway for the catabolism of glucose for bacteria, eukaryotes and archaea. It produces energy, reduced electron carriers and precursor molecules for cellular metabolism.

Glycolysis

Two alternative glycolytic pathways are

ED, PPP

_____ uses an inorganic molecule other than oxygen as a final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

Anaerobic respiration

Some living system use an organic molecule (commonly pyruvate) as a final electronic acceptor through process called _____

Fermentation

Fermentation by some bacteria, like those in yogurt and other sourced food, products, and by animals and muscles during oxygen depletion is called ______

Lactic acid fermentation

In ____ photosynthesis, H2O is split and supplies the electron to the reaction center. Oxygen is generated as a byproduct and is released.

Oxygenic

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

No. Uses 2 ATP molecules to attach (phosphorylate) phosphate to glucose, creating two G3P molecules.

ENERGY INVESTMENT PHASE