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nature vrs nurture
Nature refers to how genetics influence an individual's personality, whereas nurture refers to how their environment impacts their development
kohlberg
individuals progress through distinct stages of moral reasoning as they mature, starting with a focus on avoiding punishment and eventually evolving to consider universal ethical principles, with each stage representing a more complex understanding of right and wrong
erikson
We develop through eight stages of psychosocial development, each characterized by a central conflict that must be resolved for healthy psychological development.
piaget
describes how children's thinking and reasoning skills change as they grow upthrough four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
sensorimotor
the first stage of cognitive development in Jean Piaget's theory. It lasts from birth to about two years of age. During this stage, babies learn about the world through their senses and motor skills
preoperational stage
the second stage of cognitive development in Piaget's theory, lasting from about two to seven years of age. In this stage, children begin to engage in symbolic play and learn to manipulate symbols, but they do not yet understand concrete logic.
concrete operation
the third stage of cognitive development in Piaget's theory, occurring from about seven to eleven years of age. During this stage, children begin to think logically about concrete events and understand the concept of conservation.
formal operational stage
the fourth stage of cognitive development in Piaget's theory, starting around age eleven. In this stage, individuals develop the ability to think abstractly, logically, and systematically.
prenatal development
the process of growth and development of a fetus during pregnancy, typically divided into three stages: germinal, embryonic, and fetal.
teratogens
agents that can cause malformation or harm to a developing fetus.
fetal alcohol syndrome
a condition resulting from alcohol exposure during pregnancy, leading to physical, behavioral, and cognitive abnormalities in the child.
habituation
a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations, indicating learning and memory.
development
the process of growth and change that occurs throughout the lifespan, involving physical, cognitive, and social-emotional aspects.
maturation
the process of biological growth and development that occurs naturally over time, influencing physical and behavioral changes.
infantile amnesia
the inability to recall memories from early childhood, typically before the age of three or four
vygotsky
A Russian psychologist known for his work on socio-cultural theory, emphasizing the role of social interaction and cultural context in cognitive development.
attachment theory
a psychological model that describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans, particularly focusing on the bonds formed between children and their caregivers.
critical period
a specific time frame during development when the presence or absence of certain experiences has a significant impact on development.
imprinting
a rapid learning process that occurs during a critical period, where certain animals form attachments to specific stimuli, often their caregivers.
temperament
the innate characteristics that determine an individual's emotional responses and behavioral style.
basic trust
a concept in psychology that refers to a child's belief that the world is safe and that their needs will be met, typically developed through consistent caregiving.
self concept
the perception and understanding of oneself, including beliefs about one's abilities, personality, and values.
