Chem G10 unit1

Change divides into what?

physical and chemical change

what is physical change

change that does not involve formation of new substance

What is a chemical change?

A change in matter that produces one or more new substances

What is a chemical reaction?

a process in which reactants changes into products

what is chemical equation

a shothand notation of chemical reaction

what is reactions stiochiometry?

the quantitative study of reactant and product in a given reaction

what is qualitative value of a reaction

a chemical equation indicates the types of reactant and product

quantitative valure indicates?

the amounts of reactants and products involved in a reaction.

list the types of methods to balance chemical equations.

inspection, algebric, and LCM method

what are the types of chemical reactions are there?

direct combination, decompostion, single displacement, double displacement

direct combination

ate those reactions in which two types of pure substances react and form a single substance

Decomposition Reactions

A decomposition reaction (or analysis) is a reaction that involves the breaking down of a single compound into two or more elements or simpler compounds

what is the simplest decomposition

when a binary compound decomposes into its elements

A decomposition reaction can be carried out using what?

heat (thermal decomposition), light (photo decomposition), electricity (electrical decomposition) or a catalyst

Single Displacement Reactions

A reaction in which one element displaces another element from its compound is known as single displacement or replacement reaction. A + BC → B + AC

Examples of single-displacement reactions

Active metals displace hydrogen from acids, Reactive metals,A more active metal displaces a less active metal

Double Displacement Reactions

A double displacement reaction is a reaction in which two compounds react together to form two new compounds by exchange of the positive and negative ions. AB + CD → AD + CB

what is Oxidation-Reduction

An oxidation is defined as the loss of one or more electrons by an atom, and a reduction is the gain of one or more electrons

what is Oxidation number or oxidation state?

is the number of electrons that an atom appears to have gained or lost when it is combined with other atoms.

The oxidation state of an uncombined element is

zero

The oxidation number of a monatomic ion is equal to

the charge on the ion.

The sum of the oxidation number of all the atoms in a neutral compound

zero

. The substance that gives up an electron and causes reduction is called

a reducing agent

he substance that gains an electron and causes the oxidation is called

an oxidizing agent

lements with high electronegativity such as F2 , O2 , N2 and Cl2 are?

a good oxidizing agents

In a compound or ion, if one of its elements is in its higher oxidation state, then its

oxidizing agent

what are chemical reactions where the oxidation states of chemical elements remain unchanged in reactants and products.

non redox reaction

what are the two examples of non-redox reactions.

Neutralization and double displacement reactions

what is Molecular Mass (MM)

is the sum of masses of all the atoms present in a molecule

what is is the concept adopted as a convenient way to deal with the tremendous amount of molecules or ions

the mole concept

define mole

is the amount of a substance that contains exactly 6.022×10236.022 \times 10^{23}6.022×1023 elementary entities

define molar mass

is the molecular mass or formula mass expressed in grams. It is the mass of 1 mole of a substance.

what are used to express the composition of compounds in terms of chemical symbols.

chemical formulas

define Empirical formula

is the formula of a substance written with the smallest ratio (whole number ratio) subscripts.

define molecular formula

is the actual formula that tells you the exact number of atoms of different elements present in a molecule.

Percent composition by mass tells you what?

percent of each element is present in a compound

which one is calculated with formula unit

formula mass

define Stoichiometry

is the study of the quantitative composition of substances and the relationship that exists between the reactants and the products involved in chemical reactionsinvolving mole ratios to predict yields and consumption.

At Standard Temperature (00 C) and Pressure (1atm) or STP, one mole of any gas occupies ?

22.4 liters.

. Avogadro’s Law states that equal volumes of different gases, under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, contain

equal number of molecules

. The reactant completely consumed first in a reaction is called?

limiting reactants

what are the reactants present 43 in quantities greater than necessary to react with the quantity of the limiting reactant

excess reactants

is the calculated amount of product that would be obtained if the reaction proceeds completely

theoreetical yield

The measured amount of product obtained in any chemical reaction is known as

actual yield

The percentage yield calculated as

the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield multiplied by 100.

Physical Change

A change that does not involve the formation of a new substance with a new chemical composition, such as the evaporation of liquids or melting of ice.

Chemical Change

A change which results in the formation of one or more new substances with new chemical composition, such as photosynthesis or the rotting of an egg.

Chemical Reaction

The process in which reacting substances, called reactants, are converted into new substances, called products, which have completely different characteristics.

Chemical Equation

A shorthand representation of an actual chemical reaction in terms of chemical symbols and formulas.

Reaction Stoichiometry

The quantitative study of reactants and products in a chemical reaction.

Direct Combination Reaction

A type of reaction in which two types of pure substances react directly to form a single substance, represented by the general equation $A + B \rightarrow AB$.

Decomposition Reaction

A reaction that involves the breaking down of a single compound into two or more elements or simpler compounds, often using heat, light, electricity, or a catalyst ($AB \rightarrow A + B$).

Single Displacement Reaction

A reaction in which one element displaces another element from its compound, represented as $A + BC \rightarrow B + AC$ or $A + BC \rightarrow BA + C$.

Double Displacement Reaction

A reaction in which two compounds react together to form two new compounds by the exchange of positive and negative ions ($AB + CD \rightarrow AD + CB$).

Redox Reaction

An oxidation-reduction reaction in which electrons are transferred from one atom to another simultaneously.

Oxidation

The loss of one or more electrons by an atom, or an increase in the oxidation number of an element.

Reduction

The gain of one or more electrons by an atom, or a decrease in the oxidation number of an element.

Oxidation Number (Oxidation State)

The number of electrons that an atom appears to have gained or lost when it is combined with other atoms.

Reducing Agent

The substance that loses an electron, undergoes oxidation, and causes another substance to be reduced.

Oxidizing Agent

The substance that gains an electron, undergoes reduction, and causes the oxidation of another substance.

Non-redox Reaction

A chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of chemical elements remain unchanged in reactants and products, such as neutralization.

Molecular Mass (MM)

The sum of the masses of all the atoms present in a molecule, expressed in atomic mass units ($amu$).

Formula Unit

The smallest unit of an ionic compound that retains the identity of that compound.

Formula Mass (FM)

The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms present in the formula unit of a compound, typically used for ionic compounds.

Mole

The amount of a substance that contains the same number of entities as there are atoms in exactly $12\,g$ of carbon-12 ($6.022 \times 10^{23}$).

Avogadro’s Number ($N_A$)

The number of entities in one mole of a substance, equal to $6.022 \times 10^{23}$ entities per mole.

Molar Mass

The mass of one mole of a substance ($g\,mol^{-1}$), numerically equal to its molecular or formula mass.

Empirical Formula

The formula of a substance written with the smallest whole-number ratio of subscripts.

Molecular Formula

The actual formula that tells the exact number of atoms of different elements present in a molecule.

Molar Volume

The volume occupied by one mole of any gas at Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP), which is $22.4\,dm^3$.

Avogadro’s Law

The principle stating that equal volumes of different gases, under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, contain an equal number of molecules ($V \sim n$).

Limiting Reactant

The reactant that is completely consumed first in a reaction, determining the total amount of product that can be formed.

Excess Reactant

A reactant present in a quantity greater than necessary to react with the limiting reactant.

Change divides into what?

physical and chemical change

what is physical change

change that does not involve formation of new substance

What is a chemical change?

A change in matter that produces one or more new substances

What is a chemical reaction?

a process in which reactants changes into products

what is chemical equation

a shothand notation of chemical reaction

what is reactions stiochiometry?

the quantitative study of reactant and product in a given reaction

what is qualitative value of a reaction

a chemical equation indicates the types of reactant and product

quantitative valure indicates?

the amounts of reactants and products involved in a reaction.

list the types of methods to balance chemical equations.

inspection, algebric, and LCM method

what are the types of chemical reactions are there?

direct combination, decompostion, single displacement, double displacement

direct combination

ate those reactions in which two types of pure substances react and form a single substance

Decomposition Reactions

A decomposition reaction (or analysis) is a reaction that involves the breaking down of a single compound into two or more elements or simpler compounds

what is the simplest decomposition

when a binary compound decomposes into its elements

A decomposition reaction can be carried out using what?

heat (thermal decomposition), light (photo decomposition), electricity (electrical decomposition) or a catalyst

Single Displacement Reactions

A reaction in which one element displaces another element from its compound is known as single displacement or replacement reaction. A + BC → B + AC

Examples of single-displacement reactions

Active metals displace hydrogen from acids, Reactive metals,A more active metal displaces a less active metal

Double Displacement Reactions

A double displacement reaction is a reaction in which two compounds react together to form two new compounds by exchange of the positive and negative ions. AB + CD → AD + CB

what is Oxidation-Reduction

An oxidation is defined as the loss of one or more electrons by an atom, and a reduction is the gain of one or more electrons

what is Oxidation number or oxidation state?

is the number of electrons that an atom appears to have gained or lost when it is combined with other atoms.

The oxidation state of an uncombined element is

zero

The oxidation number of a monatomic ion is equal to

the charge on the ion.

The sum of the oxidation number of all the atoms in a neutral compound

zero

. The substance that gives up an electron and causes reduction is called

a reducing agent

he substance that gains an electron and causes the oxidation is called

an oxidizing agent

lements with high electronegativity such as F2 , O2 , N2 and Cl2 are?

a good oxidizing agents