Chapter 3 Superset

Biological Molecules

Molecules found in living systems: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

used as energy sources and structural molecules; sugars and starches

All carbohydrates have a ratio of:

1 carbon to 2 hydrogen to 1 oxygen

Monosaccharides

simple sugars; ex Glucose

Disaccharides

when two monosaccharides are linked together

Polysaccharides

when many monosaccharides are linked together

Polysaccharide

Glycogen is an example of a ______ because it consists of many glucose molecules

Lipids

used for energy storage, communication and protection

True or False: Lipids are hydrophobic

True

Saturated fats

lipid that is solid at room temperature and contain single covalent bonds

Unsaturated fats

lipid that is healthier, liquid at room temperature, and has one or more double bonds

Waxes

lipid that consist of a fatty acid chain with an alcohol molecule

Phospholipids

key molecules in the structure and function of the cell membrane

Phospholipids

A ______ has two hydrophobic fatty acid “tails” and a hydrophilic phosphate “head”

Steroids

lipids used for the communication between cells where carbon atoms are arranged in rings

True or False: estrogen, testosterone, and cholesterol are not examples of steroids

False

Proteins

molecules made of long chains of amino acids

Waxes

______ is one of the most hydrophobic substances know and used mainly for protection

Nitrogen

______ is the backbone of protein molecules

Proteins

______ are the most versatile of the biological molecules

Nucleic acids

RNA and DNA

Metabolism

All the life sustaining reactions within the body

Anabolism

The process by which simpler compounds are built up and used to manufacture materials for growth, repair, and reproduction

Catabolism

the process by which complex substances are broken down into simpler substances

Enzymes

special proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions

specific

Only _____ molecules can be caried by certain enzymes

compete

substrates can _____ for binding sites

Saturated

If all the binding sites are full, the enzymes are said to be _____, and molecules must wait to for an empty enzyme before going through the reaction

Cellular Respiration

when glucose is combined with oxygen and transformed in the mitochondria to form ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP)

A high energy molecule that releases energy for the body when bonds are broken

Adenosine Diphosphate(ADP)

After a bond is used ATP becomes ADP which can then pick up another phosphate and become ATP again

Acid

a chemical substance that can release hydrogen ions

bases

hydroxides are common _____

pH > 7

basic/alkaline

pH < 7

acidic

Hydrophilic

polar molecules that mix easily with water

Hydrophobic

Nonpolar molecules that don’t mix well with water

Solution

When a substance is dissolved in another

Solute

the substance dissolved

Solvent

the substance doing the dissolving

Element

the smallest unit that contains the unique properties of that specific type of matter

Atoms

The smallest particles of elements that maintain the characteristics of that element.

Molecule

Two or more atoms joined together

Compound

Molecules with more than one elements that are chemically bonded together.

Ions

Atoms with a positive or negative charge

Electrolytes

Charged atoms found withing the body

Ionic bond

when one atom donates electrons to another atom

Covalent bond

when one atom shares an electron with another atom

Double bond

when two pairs of electrons are shared

Polar covalent bonds

when two atoms share electrons unevenly