Introduction to Philosophy

Practice flashcards based on lecture notes covering the basics of philosophy, its history in ancient Greece, and its primary branches.

What is the etymological origin of the word 'Philosophy'?

It comes from the Greek words 'philos' (love) and 'sophia' (wisdom).

How is Philosophy defined as a discipline?

A study or discipline that uses human reason to investigate the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles which govern all things.

Which ancient Greek philosopher is credited with formulating the Pythagorean theorem?

Pythagoras ($570\text{ BCE}-495\text{ BCE}$).

What did Heraclitus propose was the higher order or plan for everything that exists?

Logos.

Which philosopher is associated with the saying, 'no man ever steps in the same river twice'?

Heraclitus ($535\text{ BCE}-475\text{ BCE}$).

What was the focus of Democritus's philosophical study?

He devoted himself to the study of the causes of natural phenomena.

Which philosopher was an advocate for living a simple and virtuous life, influencing the schools of cynicism and stoicism?

Diogenes of Sinope ($412\text{ BCE}-323\text{ BCE}$).

What is Epicureanism?

A belief that wisdom and simple living will result in a life free of fear and pain, based on the teachings of Epicurus.

How did Socrates believe one arrives at the truth?

By questioning the assumptions on which all things are based.

What is the relationship between Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle?

Plato was the student of Socrates, and Aristotle was the student of Plato.

Who was referred to as 'THE' philosopher by Medievalists?

Aristotle ($384-322$).

How does Eastern philosophy differ from Western philosophy in its approach?

Western philosophy is more systematic and specialized, while Eastern philosophy is more fluid and emphasizes social relations, the family, and community.

What are the four needs for philosophizing mentioned in the lecture?

1. Sense of Wonder (Plato), 2. Doubt (Rene Descartes), 3. Experience (Karl Jaspers), and 4. Love for wisdom.

How did Rene Descartes approach the need to philosophize?

He was famous for rejecting or questioning established ideas, even doubting his own ideas.

According to Karl Jaspers, how does philosophy help a person deal with challenging conditions?

It provide a means to understand adverse or challenging conditions, allowing one to rise above them and gain new knowledge and perspectives.

What famous perspective did Socrates offer regarding the love of wisdom and ignorance?

He famously said, 'I know that I do not know…', suggesting that accepting ignorance is the starting point for learning.

Define the branch of Philosophy known as Logic.

It deals with correct reasoning.

What does the branch of Epistemology discuss?

The nature of knowledge and knowing.

Which branch of philosophy deals with moral questions and dilemmas?

Ethics.

Define Metaphysics.

The branch that deals with questions regarding reality and existence.

What is the focus of Aesthetics?

Beauty and what makes things beautiful.

What is the focus of Political Philosophy?

The study of government, justice, power, and the rights and obligations of citizens.