Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

Axial skeleton

axis of the body, provides a framework that supports and protects the brain, the spinal cord, and organs in the subdivisions of the ventral body cavity, 80 bones: cranium, facial bones, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thorax

cranium

8 bones: frontal, (2) parietal, occipital, (2) temporal, ethmoid, sphenoid

facial bones

14 bones: mandible, (2) zygomatic, vomer, (2) maxilla, (2) palatine, (2) lacrimal, (2) nasal, (2) inferior nasal conchae

hyoid bone

part of the axis, does not articulate with other bones, ligaments attach to it

vertebral column

24 vertebrae: (7) cervical vertebrae: atlas, axis; (12) thoracic vertebrae, (5) lumbar vertebrae

sacrum, coccyx=26 bones

thorax

12 pairs of ribs=24 ribs, sternum

appendicular skeleton

appendages, support limbs: shoulder girdle, arm, os coxa, leg

shoulder girdle

clavicle:medial end articulates with lateral end of the manubrium of the sternum.

lateral end articulates with the acromial end of the scapula.

scapula: no articulations with ribs. lateral end is also called acromial end.

arm

humerus, radius, ulna, (8) carpals, metacarpals (I-V), phalanges (I-V)-> proximal, middle, distal

os coxa

ilium, ischium, pubis

leg

femur: proximal end articulates with acetabulum, distal end articulates with proximal tibia and patella

tibia: proximal end articulates with proximal end of fibula and distal end of femur, distal end articulates with distal end of fibula and talus

fibula: proximal end articulates with proximal end of tibia, distal end articulates with distal end of tibia

patella, tarsals, metatarsals (I-V), phalanges (I-V)-> proximal, middle, distal

how are axial and appendicular attached?

clavicle to sternum; ilium to sacrum

tarsals

7 bones: talus, navicular, lateral cuneiform, cuboid, medial cuneiform, calcaneus, intermediate cuneiform

carpals

8 bones

proximal: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

distal: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

what does articulate mean?

to form a joint

shapes of bones

long, short, flat, irregular

long bone examples

humerus; longer than they are wide

short bone examples

cube-shaped bones of wrist and ankle

flat bone examples

skull bones

irregular bone examples

bones with complicated shapes; vertebrae and hip bones

wormion bones

sutural bones, like islands on the skull

sesamoid bones

bones that form within tendons; patella

how are all the skull bones joined?

sutures: lambdoid, coronal, sagittal, squamous

what does each suture connect?

lambdoid: occipital and (2) parietal

coronal: frontal and (2) parietal

sagittal: (2) parietal

squamous: (2) temporal, (2) parietal

why does a fontanel form?

the soft spot on a baby's head, the sutures have not come together yet allowing the baby to go through the birth canal

which cranial bones form the base of the skull?

sphenoid and ethmoid

bones that make up the eye socket

5 to 6 bones: frontal bone, maxilla, zygomatic, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal

which bone is part of all the sutures?

(2) parietal bones

What bone articulates with all the bones in the skull?

sphenoid bone

which two bones form the hard palate?

(2) maxillae, (2) palatine

which two bones have have alveolar processes for teeth?

mandible, (2) maxillae

which facial bones form a moveable joint?

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

how does the skull fit onto the vertebral column? which two bones form the joint?

occipital condyle and atlas (C1)

what is the purpose of a sinus?

air cavity, lighten the anterior portion of the skull, act as a chamber that adds resonance to voice

name the four bones in which sinuses can be found

a. frontal sinus: frontal bone

b. sphenoid sinus: sphenoid bone

c. ethmoid sinus: ethmoid bone

d. maxillary sinus: maxillary bone

frontal sinus pain location

pain in the forehead

sphenoid sinus pain loaction

pain between the eyes in back of the eyes

ethmoid sinus pain location

pain between the eyes behind the nose

maxillary sinus pain location

pain in the upper jaw

where do the sinus drain into?

drain to the nasal cavity

what are conchae?

curled shelves of bone, form 3 groove-like air passages

function of conchae?

warm air, make it moist, inhaled air flows in a steady pattern

how many conchae are there? which bones form them?

1. superior nasal conchae- ethmoid bone

2. middle nasal conchae- ethmoid bone

3. inferior nasal conchae- zygomatic bone

intervertebral discs

a. fibrocartilage ring: outer, several layers

b. nucleus pulposus: shock absorber, contains loose fibers in gel

primary curves of the vertebral column

curves you are born with: thoracic curvature and pelvic/sacral curvature

(anteriorly concave)

secondary curves of the vertebral column

curves you develop;

cervical curvature:develops when baby holds head up

lumbar curvature: develops when baby sits and walks

abnormal curves

lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis

lordosis

exaggeration of the lumbar curve; sway back

kyphosis

exaggerated thoracic curve; hunchback

scoliosis

curvature of the spinal column

what is the significance of an intervertebral foramen?

it is where the spinal nerves pass through

what is the significance of the vertebral foramen?

to hold the spinal cord

how many cervical vertebrae are there?

7

how can you tell cervical from thoracic vertebrae?

Cervical: smaller bones support the weight of the head and are flexible to allow a wide range of head movement; also, the axis is the only vertebra with no vertebral body

Thoracic: larger bones than in the cervical region; more rigid to provide a framework for the ribcage and the torso in order to protect the inner organs

what is the name of C1?

atlas, nod "yes", superior side of C1 articulates with occipital condyles

what is the name of C2?

axis, nod "no", superior side of C2 articulates with inferior part of C1

how many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5

how are the os coxae connected to vertebral column?

lateral end of sacrum articulates with the medial end of the ilium;

sacroiliac joint

true ribs

attach directly to the sternum

1-7

false ribs

don't attach directly to the sternum

8-12

what type of cartilage is costal cartilage?

hyaline cartilage

false/floating ribs

11-12

three parts of sternum

1. manubrium

2. body

3. xiphoid process

which two bones are ribs attached?

sternum and vertebral column

how does the sternum attach to the appendicular skeleton?

the lateral end of the manubrium of the sternum attaches to the medial end of the clavicle, that then attaches to the acromial end of the scapula

which two bones does the scapula form a joint with?

humerus, and clavicle

does the scapula form a joint with ribs?

no

the humerus forms a joint at its proximal end with the ______ and at its distal end with the ______ and _____.

1. lateral end of the scapula

2. proximal end of the radius

3. proximal end of the ulna

the radius forms a joint at its distal end with the____ and ___.

proximal end of the carpals and the distal end of the ulna

how many total phalanges are there in one hand/foot? two hands/feet? two hands and two feet?

a. 14

b. 28

c. 56

pollex

thumb

acromion

process of the scapula (shoulder)

the os coxae is made up of three fused bones

1. ilium

2. ischium

3. pubis

what other bones make up the pelvis?

sacrum and coccyx

male pelvis

smaller pubic angle (90° or less), smaller pelvic inlet and outlet, thicker/heavier

female pelvis

broad pubic angle (100° or more), wider more circular pelvic inlet and outlet, lighter

why are dimensions of the true pelvis important in women?

help support the weight of the developing fetus within the uterus, and the passage of the newborn through the pelvic outlet during delivery.

which part of the pelvis forms a joint with the femur?

the acetabulum

your medial "ankle bone" is which bone?

tibia; medial malleolus

calcaneus

heel bone

which important tendon inserts in the calcaneus?

calcaneal tendon (achilles tendon)

hallux

big toe