Cardio Q2- autonomics/capillaries-lymph

what are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system

somatic and autonomic

somatic nervous system includes…

links brain and spinal (CNS) w voluntary muscles and sensory receptors of skin

autonomic nervous system is divided into…

parasympathetics and sympathetic

the autonomic nervous system regulates…

bodily funx and is under unconscious/involuntary control

sympathetic neural system location

T1-L2

parasympathetic neural system location

cranial and sacral regions

does the sympathetic neural system have a short/long pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic

short pre-ganglionic, long post-ganglionic

does the parasympathetic neural system have a short/long pre-ganlionic and post-ganglionic

long pre-ganglionic and short post-ganglionic

is the ganglion closer to the spinal cord in the sympathetic or parasympathetic

sympathetic

do both sympathetic and parasympathetic work at the same time? explain

yes, but one tone is stronger than the other

what are the two neurotransmitters involved in the sympathetic tone

norepinephrine and epinephrine

what are the four receptors involved in the sympathetic tone

alpha and beta 1, 2

what neurotransmitter is involved with parasympathetic tone

acetylcholine

what 2 receptors are involved with the parasympathetic tone

muscarinic and nicotinic

which receptor involved in the parasympathetic tone is specific to the heart

muscarinic

medicines that are _____________ cause xerostomia

anti-cholinergic

muscarinic agonist can be used to tx ________, and example of this medication is ____________

xerostomia; pilocarpine

____________ agonists are the opposite of anti-cholinergic medicines

muscarinic

muscarinic antagonist are used to tx…

COPD, lung disease

muscarinic antagonist have what type of side effects

anticholinergic side effects

do muscarinic antagonists have sympathetic or parasympathetic manifestations

sympathetic manifestations

do muscarinic agonists have sympathetic or parasympathetic manifestations

parasympathetic manifestations

alpha 1 receptor location

vascular smooth muscle

alpha 1 receptor action

inc vascular tone to raise resistance- vasoconstrict

alpha 2 receptor location

not completely known- probs presynaptic nerve terminals

alpha 2 receptor action

dec affect of alpha 1; vasodilate- Modulates the response to NE on vascular smooth muscle

beta 1 receptor location

myocardial cells- HEART

beta 1 receptor action

inc hr and contractile force

beta 2 receptor location

smooth muscle in lung- vascular and nonvascular

in vascular smooth muscle, there are typically more __________ receptors than ___________ receptors

alpha 1; beta 2

beta 2 receptor action

relaxes smooth muscle- bronchodilation, vasodilation

beta 1/2 antagonist tend to __________ (inc/dec) sympathetic tone

dec

beta 1/2 antagonists are also known as

beta blockers

beta blocker medications often end in…

-olol

what affect do beta blockers have on the body

control heart rate (dec), constrict lungs, can use for headache, performance anxiety, and others

beta 1/2 agonists tend to __________ (inc/dec) sympathetic tone

inc

what are beta 1/2 agonists commonly used for

COPD- lung disease, asthma

beta 1/2 agonists are also known as

short and long-acting beta agonists (SABA/LABA)

what affect do beta 1/2 agonists have on the body

vasodilate, bronchodilate

where are baroreceptors located

carotid sinus and aortic arch (arterial tissue)

baroreceptors send fibers to the CNS to regulate…

the autonomic nervous system

if the blood pressure is high, how do baroreceptors respond

will dec sympathetic and inc parasympathetic activity

if the blood pressure is low, how do baroreceptors respond

will inc sympathetic and dec parasympathetic activity

what is tachycardia

elevated resting heart rate; >100 bpm

heart rate is primarily regulated by the…

ANS- parasympathetic

what is autonomic neuropathy

where you do not have enough parasympathetic input (tachycardia can be a sign + diabetes)

what is postural/orthostatic hypotension

medical term for dizziness and light-headedness (can be a sign for neuropathy)

uncontrolled diabetes can lead to diabetic autonomic neuropathy, what are some signs (6)

resting tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, exercise intolerance, impaired baroreflex, gastroparesis, anhidrosis

what is gastroparesis

stomach does not empty (from parasympathetic)

what is anhidrosis

inability/dec in sweating

during anaphylaxis the hr inc and the bp dec, explain this

histamine and other factors cause ALL arterioles to vasodilate at the same time→ drops bp, heart tries to compensate by pumping blood harder and faster → inc hr

what is the importance of the autoregulatory range

when a person is out of this range, their life is in jeopardy

what are some characteristics of capillaries that are unique

no smooth muscle innervation, do not constrict or dilate, have a greater total-cross sectional area

where is the site of edema

at the capillaries

what is edema, what can cause this

excess fluid in the tissues; can happen due to infection or problems w lymphatic system

what are the methods of exchange across capillaries

paracellular and transcellular

what is paracellular exchange

high to low gradient: pass through fenestrations in capillary endothelial cells / leak through space between endothelial cells

what is transcellular exchange

transcytosis using vesicles (LUNGS); how meds get into tissues, diffusion

what can the starling force equation be used for

finding fluid movement across the capillary wall

the starling forces equation includes…

hydrostatic pressure gradient and the osmotic pressure gradient in the capillaries vs the interstitial fluid

a positive net filtration means…

getting filtration out of the capillary

negative net filtration means

getting absorption into the capillary

what is hydrostatic pressure

the difference between the capillary blood pressure outward and the interstitial fluid pressure inward at a given capillary

what is osmotic pressure

the tendency of water in the blood to collect in areas of higher solute (in the capillaries)

what solutes contributes to osmotic pressure in capillaries

albumin

in edema, what could be happening to the factors in the starling forces

inc in Kf, inc in hydrostatic pressure, and dec in osmotic pressure

what is the lymphatic system responsible for

drains excess fluid in the interstitium back into the circulatory system

only one system takes blood to capillaries:

arteries

two systems take blood from the capillaries:

veins and lymph vessels

what equation is this

starling forces

what effects does epinephrine on receptors

acts on adrenergic receptors: alpha-1 to inc bp via vasoconstriction, beta-1 to inc hr and inc contractions, beta 2 to bronchdilate