Resorces part two

market response model

model that predicts economic responses to scarcity of a resource leading to a price increase causing decrease in demand for that resource or increased supply or both

coarse theorem

a thesis based in neoclassical econ stating that externalities can be most efficiently controlled through contracts and bargaining between parties assuming transaction costs reaching a bargain aren’t exclusive

externality

the spillover of a cost or benefit

Coase assumptions

property rights must be exclusive (full autonomy) and the transfer of and protection of contracted right has to be free

market failure

situation or condition where production or exchange of a good or service is not efficient

transaction costs

cost associated with making an exchange

ex: traveling to market, drawing a contract, negotiating a price

monopoly

a market condition where there is one seller for many buyers

monopsony

a market condition where there is one buyer for any sellers

green taxes

• individuals or firms participate in greener behavior by avoiding more costly brown alternatives

• incentivized behavior

cap and trade

• total amount of pollutant or other bad is limited and tradeable right to pollute are distributed to polluters

• can trade

• reward efficiency

green consumption

individuals choose goods or services based on their certified environmental impacts, usually paying more

green certification

programs to certify commodities for the purposes of assuring their ecological credentials

three contradictions of leave no trace

Consumption: consuming to enjoy nature

Conservation: consuming to protect nature

Commerce: consuming to support saving nature

Leave No Trace

1. Plan Ahead and Prepare

2. Travel and Camp on Durable Surfaces

3. Dispose of Waste Properly

4. Leave What You Find

5. Minimize Campfire Impacts

6. Respect Wildlife

7. Be Considerate of Other Visitors

Purpose of LNT discourse

reduce impact on environment, respect the experiences of others, promote safe travel, enjoy outdoors responsibly

Is LNT new phenomenon

• no outdoor rec industry has grown over 3 decades

• disposable income needed to participate

• class thing

discourse

• set of concepts statements and practices that produce a distinct body of knowledge through vocab, images, diagrams

• tells a story and brings to life a particular ideology

ideology

beliefs about how the world is and how it should be

wilderness

• not untouched by humans it is somewhere humans decided to leave untouched

• curated

• socially constructed

Why does LNT perpetuate wilderness

• focuses on trying to leave pristine wilderness untouched by humans while enjoying

• in reality just displacing damage

What ideology does LNT suggest

some people should supply goods even though they cannot participate in the same quality of life that the users of these products do

dominion thesis

the earth and its animals exist to serve the needs and interests of humans

stewardship

humans are managers caring for and protecting the natural environment

property

• mixing human labor and nature to create something productive

• nature → private property

• nature has no value unless transformed by human labor

Locke’s ethics

• don’t take more than you can use

• don’t take more land than you can work

Father of Forestry

• Gifford Pinchot

• advocate for conservation- efficient and sustainable use of resources

• thought himself between preservationist and corp guy

John Muir

• argued for the preservation of nature for its own sake and protection of scenic landscapes

• saw nature as spiritual b/c so awesome

• humans need to have these experiences

Pinchot vs Muir Hetch Hetchy

P- pro dam highest use that could be made of it

M- against dam thinks it reps the desecration of the people cathedrals

Aldo Leopold

ecologist studying relationship organisms have to one another and to their physical surroundings

• land ethic view offered third way other than conservation and preservation

• sustainable use is important so is wild places

• community= humans, soils, water, and animals

land ethic

• conservation ethic that sees the biotic community as interdependent

• change role of human from conqueror to community member

Arne Naess - Biospheric Egalitarianism

all living things have their own right and intrinsic value independent of their usefulness to others/humans

Social Ecologist - Murray Bookchin

• believe that environmental problems are rooted in social structures and relationships not misguided ethics

• environmental issues cannot be resolved without dealing with social problems in society

social construction

category, condition, or thing that is understood to have certain characteristics because people socially agree it does

ex: ideas, images, and assumptions about nature

experiences and thoughts about nature are

products of social processes, beliefs, ideologies, and history

To deconstruct nature we ask

Where do these ideas come from?

Who is passing on these ideas?

What world do these ideas obtain?

What are the forms that these ideas are getting passed down?

knowledge power

• Michael Foucault

• some knowledge is deemed better than others

• all ways of knowing are important

• diffused through discourses and signifying practices

• its all political

social context

the beliefs, economy, and institutions at a particular place and time

conservation biology

biological science dedicated to maintaining biodiversity

reconciliation ecology

science of sustaining habitats and biodiversity in places used by human beings

sustainability

use of land and resources to secure availability and biodiversity for future generations

signifying practices

representations like maps, books, or videos

Adam smith

• state shouldn’t regulate market

• laissez faire= most efficient

market response model

• market is mechanism of exchange of wealth and goods

• resource scarcity= supply increases: new sources, increased output in known sources

  demand decreases: use of substitutes, increased efficiency, recycling

market failure

a situation where economic exchanges and production of goods is not efficient

Coarse Theorem

• way to solve envr problems via contracts w/o state interference

• competing interests negotiate and discover real costs of externalities

Coase Assumptions

1. full control aka full property rights full info

2. low/no transaction costs

Issues with Coase theorem

• property rights are difficult to establish

• avoiding transaction costs is impossible

• many environmental objects are not discrete objects of exchange

full cost accounting

the price of negative externality is set in form of tax b/c the market may not value that externality

market environmentalism does not leave room for…

alternative value systems beyond economic value

market volatility

markets fluctuate so nature economic value changes over time

Pinchot

• father of US Forest service

• us forest managed for sustainable use

• preservation doesn’t go far enough to allow citizens to use the natural resources

• greatest possible benefit for greatest amount of people

deep ecology

• embraces the intrinsic value of all things

• humans don’t need to have use for something for them to be valuable

ecocentric

• humans are not first

• all things have value

• we are part of it

anthropocentric

regarding humankind as the central or most important element of existence

market environmentalism

that combines the ideals of environmental protection with the principles of a free-market economy. It emphasizes markets as a solution to environmental problems, arguing that free markets can be more successful than government in solving many environmental problems