Historical Context of Nationalism and Independence Movements

British East India Company

Conquered India in the 1700s during Mughal decline.

Crown Control

Direct British rule began in 1858 post-Sepoy Mutiny.

Indian National Congress (INC)

Formed in 1885 to demand self-rule for Indians.

Divide and Conquer

British strategy exacerbating Hindu-Muslim divisions.

Hindu Nationalism

Movement emphasizing Hindu identity and heritage.

Swami Vivekananda

Promoted India's spiritual heritage, causing Muslim unease.

B.G. Tilak

Advocated Shivaji as a national hero against Mughals.

V.D. Savarkar

Defined Hindutva as ethno-religious identity including multiple groups.

Mahatma Gandhi

Advocated for a united India through non-violent resistance.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Secular leader envisioning a strong, unified Indian state.

Maulana Azad

Muslim INC leader supporting a united India.

Muslim League

Formed to represent Muslim interests, distinct from INC.

Muhammad Iqbal

Critiqued European nationalism, favored Muslim autonomy.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Defined Muslims as a separate nation in 1940.

1935 Government of India Act

Elections confirmed fears of Hindu majority rule.

Hindutva

Savarkar's concept of Hindu identity and nationalism.

Caste System

Social hierarchy exacerbated by British colonial rule.

Secularism

Principle of separating religion from political governance.

Pan-Indianism

Vision of unity across diverse Indian populations.

Separate Electorates

Political system allowing distinct voting for Muslims.

Partition

Division of India into Hindu-majority India and Islamic Pakistan.

Ethnic Nationalism

National identity based on shared ethnicity and culture.

Civil Disobedience

Gandhi's method of non-violent protest against British rule.

Direct Action Day

August 1946 protest by Jinnah, leading to violence.

Jinnah

Leader of the Muslim League, first Governor General of Pakistan.

Partition

Division of British India into India and Pakistan.

Radcliffe

British official who drew new boundaries for Partition.

Punjab and Bengal

Regions divided during the Partition process.

Displacement

12 million people forced to move based on religion.

Ethnic Nationalism

Local groups driven by identity, causing violence.

Kashmir Dispute

Ongoing conflict over territory between India and Pakistan.

Hindu-nationalist BJP

Political party in India, emphasizing Hindu identity.

Algeria

French colony from 1830 to 1962, primarily Muslim.

Indigenous Algerians

Majority population, speaking Arabic and Berber languages.

Settlers

French-origin population in Algeria with citizenship rights.

Algerian People's Manifesto

1943 document advocating for Algerian rights.

VE Day Violence

1945 celebration met with French police brutality.

National Liberation Front (FLN)

Group leading guerrilla war for Algerian independence.

Guerrilla Tactics

FLN's strategy involving surprise attacks against French.

Pieds Noirs

Term for French settlers in Algeria.

Algerian War

Conflict for independence lasting eight years.

Civilian Casualties

About 3,000 European civilians killed during the war.

Death Toll Estimates

Algerian war deaths range from 350,000 to 1.5 million.

French Military Losses

25,000 troops lost during the Algerian War.

Political Movements

Various groups active in Algeria pre- and post-WWII.

Massacre of 1945

French retaliation led to 6,000 to 30,000 Algerian deaths.

Resistance to Imperialism

Algerians organized against French rule before WWII.

Algerian death toll

Estimates range from 350,000 to 1.5 million.

French troops in Algeria

Over 400,000 troops present by 1956.

U.S. recognition of Algeria

Algeria's independence recognized in September 1962.

Algeria's U.N. membership

Joined the United Nations in October 1962.

Algerian Revolution outcomes

Resulted in independence; settlers fled to France.

Algerian government type

Established a specific government by 1965.

Decolonization process

Part of post-WWII decolonization efforts.

Battle of Algiers film

Depicted selective aspects of the revolution.

Dissatisfied groups in 1980s

Two large groups led to government responses.

1990s overthrow attempt

A dissatisfied group attempted an unsuccessful coup.

Marxism

Ideology focusing on workers owning production means.

Revolutionary socialism

Aims to overthrow capitalism through revolution.

Soviet Union establishment

Lenin established a socialist state in November 1917.

Lenin's interpretation

Adapted Marx's ideas for Russian context.

Agricultural sector debates

Focused on organizing small farmers (Kulaks).

Comintern

Set up to oppose older Socialist International.

Communist Party beliefs

Important to fulfill Marx's ideological framework.

Exporting revolution

Soviet Russia aimed to spread workers' revolution.

Stalin's Popular Front

Ordered communist parties to join anti-fascist coalitions.

Spanish Popular Front

Coalition of socialist and anarchist parties in 1936.

Ho Chi Minh

Led Vietnamese independence movement, studied in Moscow.

Chinese Communist victory

Mao Zedong won civil war post-WWII.

One-party states in Eastern Europe

Established by Stalin by 1949.

Sino-Soviet split

Occurred in 1956, affecting communist relations.

Decolonized nations and Soviet model

Considered collectivization but found it inefficient.

Ethnic nationalism

Nationalism based on shared ethnic or cultural heritage.

Nation-state formation

Can create new states from shared identities.

Exclusionary nationalism

Can demand autonomy based on ethnic criteria.

Mazzini

Italian nationalist advocating for unification and independence.

Fichte

German philosopher promoting nationalism and cultural identity.

Herzl

Founder of modern Zionism, advocating for Jewish homeland.

Hitler

Leader of Nazi Germany, associated with extreme nationalism.

Savarkar

Proponent of Hindutva, emphasizing Hindu nationalism in India.

Majority-Minority Areas

Regions with mixed populations causing ethnic tensions.

Decline of Empires

Nationalism contributed to the fall of major empires.

Ottoman Empire

Multi-ethnic empire declining due to rising nationalism.

Habsburg Empire

Austro-Hungarian empire affected by nationalist movements.

Russian Empire

Faced independence movements from various ethnic groups.

Ethnic Cleansing

Violent removal of ethnic groups from territories.

Balkans Conflict

1912-1913 wars driven by ethnic nationalism.

White Man's Burden

Justification for imperialism based on perceived superiority.

Civilizing Mission

Imperialistic belief in spreading civilization to others.

Colonial Boundaries

Arbitrarily drawn borders causing future ethnic conflicts.

Indian Partition

Mass violence resulting from competing nationalisms in India.

Bengali Nationalism

Movement leading to the creation of Bangladesh.

Sikh Nationalism

Movement seeking independence from India, linked to violence.

Hindu-nationalist BJP

Political party representing Hindutva nationalism in India.

British Mandate

Temporary control over Palestine post-World War I.

Zionism

Movement for establishing a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Haganah

Zionist defense force formed in response to violence.

Establishment of Israel

1948 founding of Israel leading to regional conflicts.

Arab Nationalism

Rise of unity among Arabs against Israel post-1949.