B2. AB Disorders and Symptoms

Dissociative Identity Disorder

presence of two or more distinct personality states (or experience of possession) and recurrent episodes of amnesia

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

persistent depersonalization and/or derealization accompanied by intact reality testing

Dissociative Amnesia

inability to recall autobiographical information which may be generalized, localized, or selective, and may or may not involve dissociative fugue

Localized Amnesia

failure to recall events during a circumscribed period of time; most common

Selective Amnesia

can recall selected events but not others

Generalized Amnesia

complete loss of memory for one's life history; rarest form

Systematized Amnesia

loss of memory in a specific category of information (ex. Identity, person, childhood abuse)

Continuous Amnesia

loss of memory in each new event as it occurs

Global Amnesia

cannot recall both past and present; total memory loss

Anosognosia

no memories of his own illness

Confabulation

filling in memory gaps with imaginary experiences

Disorientation

cannot identify or recognize time, places, and persons

Deja Vu

unfamiliar perceived as familiar

Jamais Vu

familiar perceived as unfamiliar

Hypermnesia

increased memory

Paramnesia

false or perverted memory

Amnesia

loss of memory

Memory

process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information

Procedural

skills and habits

Semantic

general knowledge and facts, logic

Episodic

events that occur in a particular time, place, or context

Three

System Approach to Memory

Sensory

initial storage of information, perceived by the senses

Short

Term Memory

Long

Term Memory

Levels

Of

Implicit Memory

can be recalled automatically

Explicit Memory

requires conscious retrieval of information

Constructive Processes

memories are influenced by the meaning we give to them

Autobiographical

episodes from our own lives

Flashbulb Memories

specific or surprising events that are so vivid in memory it as if they represented a snapshot of the event

Forgetting

permits us to form general impressions and recollections

Failure of Encoding

failure to pay attention and place information in memory

Decay

loss of information due to non

Cue

Dependent Forgetting

Proactive Interference

learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material; you forget the new info

Retroactive Interference

difficulty in recalling info learned earlier because of later exposure to different material; you forget the old info

Unipolar Depressive Disorders

disorders in which a person experiences only depressive episodes

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

chronic, severe persistent (non

Major Depressive Disorder

persistent depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure nearly most of the day every day for at least two weeks

Depressive Episode

person is markedly depressed or loses interest in formerly pleasurable activities (or both) for at least 2 weeks

Recurrent Episode

preceded by one or more previous episodes

Single Episode

first depressive episode

Relapse

return of symptoms within a fairly short period of time

Recurrence

onset of a new episode of depression

Catalepsy

muscles are waxy and semirigid

Persistent Depressive Disorder

depressed mood most of the day, for more days than not, for at least 2 years

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

mood lability, irritability, dysphoria and anxiety symptoms accompanied by behavioral and physical symptoms that occur repeatedly during premenstrual phase and remit around onset of menses or shortly thereafter

Bipolar Disorders

mood disturbance in which the experiences both depressive and manic episodes; alternates between depression and mania

Manic Episode

abnormal and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood for 1 week

Hypomanic Episode

abnormal and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood for 4 days

Major Depressive Episode

extremely depressed mood state that lasts at least 2 weeks and includes cognitive symptoms and disturbed physical functions

Bipolar I Disorder

at least one lifetime manic episode (hypomanic episode or major depressive episode may occur but not required)

Bipolar II Disorder

at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode, never been a manic episode

Cyclothymic Disorder

numerous distinct sub

Feeding and Eating Disorders

characterized by a persistent disturbance of eating or eating

Pica

eating of one or more non

Rumination Disorder

repeated regurgitation of food occurring after feeding or eating over a period of at least 1 month

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder

avoidance or restriction of food intake causing significant weight loss/nutritional deficiency

Anorexia Nervosa Disorder

person eats only minimal amounts of food or exercises vigorously to offset food intake so body weight sometimes drops dangerously

Amenorrhea

cessation of menstruation

Lanugo

downy hair on the limbs and cheeks

Bulimia Nervosa

binges are followed by self

Binge

Eating Disorder

Episode of Binge

Eating

Elimination Disorders

involve the inappropriate elimination of urine or feces and are usually first diagnosed in childhood or adolescence

Enuresis

repeated voiding of urine into inappropriate places

Urinary Incontinence

Occurs in the absence of nocturnal enuresis

Nonmonosymptomatic Enuresis

nocturnal

Encopresis

repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places

Sleep and Wake Disorders

sleep

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep

Also called dream sleep

NREM Sleep Stage 1 (N1)

transition from wakefulness to sleep and occupies about 5% of time spent asleep in healthy adults

NREM Sleep Stage 2 (N2)

characterized by specific electroencephalographic waveforms (sleep spindles and K complexes), occupies about 50% of time spent sleep

NREM Sleep Stage 3 (N3)

slow wave sleep; deepest level of sleep

Sleep Continuity

overall balance of sleep and wakefulness during night of sleep

Sleep Latency

amount of time required to fall asleep

Wake After Asleep Onset

amount of awake time between initial sleep onset and final awakening

Sleep Efficiency

ratio of actual time spent asleep to time spent in bed

Dyssomnias

involve difficulties in getting enough sleep, problems with sleeping when you want to, and complaints about the quality of sleep

Parasomnias

characterized by abnormal behavioral or physiological events that occur during sleep

Polysomnographic (PSG) Evaluation

determines the clearest and most comprehensive picture of sleep habits; usually shows impairments of sleep continuity

Electroencephalogram

measures brain wave activity

Electrooculogram

measures eye movements

Electromyogram

measures muscle movements

Electrocardiogram

measures heart activity

Actigraph

records the number of arm movements; alternative to PSG

Sleep Efficiency (SE)

percentage of time actually spent asleep

Insomnia Disorder

difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep

Primary Insomnia

sleep problems that are not related to other medical or psychiatric problems

Sleep Onset Insomnia (or initial insomnia)

involves difficulty initiating sleep at bedtime

Sleep Maintenance Insomnia (or middle insomnia)

involves frequent or prolonged awakenings throughout the night

Late Insomnia

involves early

Nonrestorative Sleep

poor sleep quality that does not leave the individual rested upon awakening despite adequate duration

Microsleeps

sleep that last several seconds or longer; result of being awake for one or two nights

Hypersomnolence Disorder

excessive sleepiness despite having at least 7 hours of main sleep

Sleep Inertia

prolonged impairment of alertness at the sleep

Narcolepsy

irrepressible need to sleep

Breathing

Related Sleep Disorders

Hypoventilation

constricted and labored breathing