Health Assessment Exam 3 Vocabulary

Flashcards based on the Exam 3 Vocabulary for Health Assessment, covering nutritional terminology, gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal definitions, cultural competence, mental status, and topics on abuse and reproductive health.

Android obesity

Excess body fat that is placed predominantly within the abdomen and upper body, as opposed to the hips and thighs.

Anthropometry

Measurement of the body (height, weight, circumferences, skinfold thickness).

Body mass index (BMI)

Weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared ($\frac{\text{kg}}{\text{m}^2}$); value of $30$ or more is obesity, value of $18.5$ or less is indicative of undernutrition.

Diet history

A detailed record of dietary intake obtainable from $24$ hour recalls, food frequency questionnaires, food diaries and similar sources.

Kwashiorkor

Primarily a protein deficient characterized by edema, growth failure and muscle wasting.

Marasmic Kwashiorkor

Combination of chronic energy deficit and chronic acute protein deficiency.

Marasmus

Results from energy and protein deficiency, manifesting with significant loss of body weight, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue mass but with serum protein concentrations intact.

Nutritional monitoring

Assessment of dietary or nutritional status at intermittent times with the aim of detecting changes in the dietary or nutritional status of a population.

Nutritional screening

A process used to identify individuals at nutritional risk or with nutritional problems.

Obesity

Excessive accumulation of body fat.

Protein calories malnutrition (PCM)

Inadequate consumption of protein and energy, resulting in a gradual body wasting and increased susceptibility to infection.

Recommended dietary allowance (RDA)

Levels of intake of essential nutrients considered to be adequate to meet nutritional needs of all healthy persons.

Sarcopenic obesity

Combined loss of muscle mass with weight gain occurring in old age.

Skinfold thickness

Double fold of skin and underlying subcutaneous tissue that is measured with skinfold calipers at various body sites.

Waist to hip ratio (WHR)

Waist or abdominal circumference divided by the hip or gluteal circumference.

Aneurysm

Defect or sac formed by dilation in the artery wall due to atherosclerosis, trauma, or congenital defect.

Anorexia

Loss of appetite for food.

Ascites

Abnormal accumulation of serous fluid within the peritoneal cavity, associated with heart failure, portal hypertension, cirrhosis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, and cancer.

Borborygmi

Loud, gurgling bowel sounds signaling increased motility or hyperperistalsis; occurs with early bowel obstruction, gastroenteritis, or diarrhea.

Bruit

Blowing, swooshing sound heard through a stethoscope when an artery is partially occluded.

Cecum

First or proximal part of large intestine.

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder.

Costal margin

Lower border of the rib margin formed by medial edges of the $8^{\text{th}}$, $9^{\text{th}}$, and $10^{\text{th}}$ ribs.

Costovertebral angle (CVA)

Angle formed by the $12^{\text{th}}$ rib and the vertebral column on the posterior thorax, overlying the kidney.

Diastasis recti

Midline longitudinal ridge in the abdomen, a separation of abdominal rectus muscles.

Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing.

Epigastrium

The abdominal region between the costal margins.

Hepatomegaly

Abnormal enlargement of liver.

Hernia

Abnormal protrusion of bowel through weakening in the abdominal musculature.

Inguinal ligament

Ligament extending from pubic bone to anterior superior iliac spine, forming lower border of abdomen.

Linea alba

Midline tendinous seam joining the abdominal muscles.

Paralytic ileus

Complete absence of peristaltic movement that may follow abdominal surgery or complete bowel obstruction.

Peritoneal friction rub

Rough grating sound heard through the stethoscope over the site of peritoneal inflammation.

Peritoneum

Double envelope of serous membrane that lines the abdominal wall and covers the surface of most abdominal organs.

Peritonitis

Inflammation of peritoneum.

Pyloric stenosis

Congenital narrowing of pyloric sphincter, forming outflow obstruction of stomach.

Pyrosis

Heartburn; burning sensation in upper abdomen due to reflux of gastric acid.

Rectus abdominis muscles

Midline abdominal muscles extending from rib cage to pubic bone.

Scaphoid

Abnormally sunken abdominal wall, as with malnutrition or in underweight individuals.

Splenomegaly

Abnormal enlargement of spleen.

Striae

Silvery white or pink scar tissue formed by stretching of abdominal skin as with pregnancy or obesity.

Suprapubic

Name of abdominal region just superior to pubic bone.

Tympany

High-pitched, musical, drum-like percussion note heard when percussing over the stomach and intestine.

Umbilicus

Depression on the abdomen, marking the site of entry of umbilical cord.

Viscera

Internal organs.

Abduction

Moving a body part away from an axis or the median line.

Adduction

Moving a body part toward the center or toward the median line.

Ankylosis

Immobility, consolidation, and fixation of a joint because of disease, injury, or surgery; most often due to chronic rheumatoid arthritis.

Ataxia

Inability to perform coordinated movements.

Bursa

Enclosed sac filled with viscous fluid located in joint areas of potential friction.

Circumduction

Moving the arm in a circle around the shoulder.

Crepitation

Dry crackling sound or sensation due to grating of the ends of the damaged bone.

Dorsal

Directed toward or located on the surface.

Dupuytren contracture

Flexion contracture of the fingers due to chronic hyperplasia of the palmar fascia.

Eversion

Moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle.

Extension

Straightening a limb at a joint.

Flexion

Bending a limb at a joint.

Ganglion

Round, cystic, nontender nodule overlying a tendon sheath or joint capsule, usually on the dorsum of wrist.

Hallux valgus

Lateral or outward deviation of the great toe.

Inversion

Moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle.

Kyphosis

Outward or convex curvature of the thoracic spine; hunchback.

Ligament

Fibrous band running directly from one bone to another bone that strengthens the joint.

Lordosis

Inward or concave curvature of the lumbar spine.

Nucleus pulposus

Center of the intervertebral disc.

Olecranon process

Bony projection of the ulna at the elbow.

Patella

Kneecap.

Plantar

The surface of the sole of the foot.

Pronation

Turning the forearm so that the palm is down.

Protraction

Moving a body part forward and parallel to the ground.

Range of motion (ROM)

Extent of movement of a joint.

Retraction

Moving a body part backward and parallel to the ground.

Rheumatoid arthritis

Chronic systemic inflammatory disease of joints and surrounding connective tissue.

Sciatica

Nerve pain along the course of the sciatic nerve that travels down from the back or thigh through the leg and into the foot.

Scoliosis

S-shaped curvature of the thoracic spine.

Supination

Turning the forearm so that the palm is up.

Talipes equinovarus

(Clubfoot) congenital deformity of the foot in which it is plantar flexed and inverted.

Tendon

Strong fibrous cord that attaches a skeletal muscle to a bone.

Acculturation

Process of social and psychological exchanges with encounters between persons of different cultures, resulting in changes in either group.

Cultural and linguistic competence

A set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system among professionals that enables work in cross-cultural situations.

Cultural care

Professional health care that is culturally sensitive, appropriate, and competent.

Culture

The nonphysical attributes of a person—the thoughts, communications, actions, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious, or social groups.

Cultural awareness

Recognition of differences and similarities between cultures; recognition and understanding of one’s own culture.

Cultural humility

Recognition of the value and worth of cultures other than one’s own; respect for intracultural variation.

Cultural knowledge

Knowledge of different cultural characteristics.

Cultural skills

Ability to complete a thorough cultural assessment and recognize potential variations in people based on cultural background.

Ethnicity

A social group within the social system that claims to possess variable traits such as a common geographic origin, migratory status, and religion.

Folk healer

Lay healer in the person’s culture apart from the biomedical or scientific health care system.

Health or illness

The balance or imbalance of the person, both within one’s being (physical, mental, and/or spiritual) and in the outside world (natural, communal, and/or metaphysical).

Religion

An organized system of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, as well as attendance at regular services.

Socialization

The process of being raised within a culture and acquiring the characteristics of that group.

Spirituality

A broad term focused on a connection to something larger than oneself, and a belief in transcendence.

Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

A federal law that mandates that when people with limited English proficiency (LEP) seek health care in health care settings such as hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, daycare centers, and mental health centers, services cannot be denied to them.

Values

A desirable or undesirable state of affairs and a universal feature of all cultures.

Abstract reasoning

Pondering a deeper meaning beyond the concrete and literal.

Attention

Concentration, ability to focus on one specific thing.

Bereavement

State of loss, sorrow, and/or grief due to the death of a loved one, decline in personal or a loved one’s health, or the end of an important relationship.

Consciousness

Being aware of one’s own existence, feelings, and thoughts and being aware of the environment.

Delirium

An acute confusional change or loss of consciousness and perceptual disturbance that may accompany acute illness; usually resolves when the underlying cause is treated.

Dementia

A gradual progressive process, causing decreased cognitive function even though the person is fully conscious and awake; not reversible.

Executive function

High-level cognitive skills, including organizational and regulatory ability.