Ch 10- Republicans in Power, 1800-1828

What was Gabriel’s Revolution of 1800 about?

A failed slave revolt in Virginia led by Gabriel Prosser, aimed at seizing Richmond but discovered before it began.

What significant legal principle was established in Marbury v. Madison (1803)?

Judicial review, allowing courts to strike down laws deemed unconstitutional.

What territory did the U.S. acquire in the Louisiana Purchase (1803)?

829,000 square miles from France, doubling U.S. territory and giving control of New Orleans and the Mississippi River.

What was the main purpose of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806)?

To explore the Louisiana Territory, map geography, study plants and animals, and make contact with Native American groups.

What impact did the Embargo Act of 1807 have on the U.S. economy?

It crippled the U.S. economy by stopping all exports, especially affecting port cities and increasing smuggling.

Who led U.S. forces at the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)?

William Henry Harrison.

What were the War Hawks advocating for during the early 19th century?

War with Britain to defend American honor, stop British support of Native resistance, and expand into Canada.

What was the outcome of the Creek War (1813–1814)?

Andrew Jackson's victory forced the Creeks to cede 23 million acres of land.

What was significant about the Battle of New Orleans (1815)?

It was a major American victory led by Andrew Jackson and occurred after the War of 1812 had officially ended.

What was discussed at the Hartford Convention (1814–1815)?

Opposition to the War of 1812 and possible constitutional amendments, contributing to the death of the Federalist Party.

What does the legal principle of Feme Covert entail?

A married woman had no separate legal identity from her husband and could not own property or sign contracts.

What did the Missouri Compromise (1820) accomplish?

Missouri entered as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and slavery was banned north of 36°30′ in the Louisiana Territory.

What was the Monroe Doctrine (1823)?

A policy warning European nations not to interfere in the Americas, with the U.S. promising to stay out of European affairs.

What led to the War of 1812?

Causes included British impressment of U.S. sailors, interference with American trade, British support for Native American resistance, and rising U.S. nationalism. Events like the Chesapeake incident and pressures from the War Hawks contributed.

How did the civil status of free women and men differ in the early Republic?

Men had full legal and political rights, while women had limited legal status. They could not vote or hold office and were expected to focus on domestic roles, though "Republican Motherhood" encouraged their role in raising informed citizens.

Why did partisan conflict increase during the administrations of Monroe and Adams?

Despite the "Era of Good Feelings," divisions grew over economic policy, slavery, federal power, and regional interests. The election of 1824 and Adams’ presidency, marked by controversial decisions, deepened political tensions.

Conclusion: How did republican simplicity become complex?

Jefferson’s ideal of a simple, limited government became harder to maintain as the nation expanded, faced international conflicts, economic challenges, and internal divisions, requiring more federal action and bureaucracy.

Who controlled the Louisiana Territory before the U.S. acquired it?

Spain controlled it until 1800, when it was ceded to Napoleonic France, sparking U.S. concern over control of New Orleans.

Why was New Orleans important to the U.S. in 1803?

It was vital for commerce in the western territories, especially Kentucky, Tennessee, and Western Pennsylvania, due to its access to the Mississippi River.

Who did Jefferson send to negotiate the Louisiana Purchase?

He sent Robert Livingston to France to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans.

Why did France agree to sell the entire Louisiana Territory?

France had recently lost Haiti, was at war in Europe, and decided to sell the land to raise money and reduce overseas obligations.

What constitutional issue did the Louisiana Purchase raise?

It raised questions about whether the President had the constitutional authority to acquire new territory without an amendment or explicit approval.

What did Great Britain do in 1805 that escalated tensions with the U.S.?

Britain began a blockade of European ports, seized American ships, and practiced impressment by forcing American sailors into the British Navy.

What is impressment?

Impressment is the British practice of forcibly enlisting sailors, including American citizens, into the Royal Navy, claiming they were deserters.

How did the United States respond to British aggression in 1805?

The U.S. passed the Non-Importation Act, restricting the import of certain British goods.

How did France respond to Britain’s blockade?

France retaliated by declaring its own blockade of Great Britain.

What was Britain’s counter-response to France’s blockade?

Britain retaliated by blockading French Caribbean ports.

What happened during the USS Chesapeake incident in 1807?

A British warship stopped the USS Chesapeake in U.S. waters and demanded the return of alleged British deserters. When the captain refused, the British opened fire, killing 3 and wounding 18 Americans, causing national outrage.

What was the purpose of the Embargo Act of 1807?

To avoid war and pressure Britain and France to respect U.S. neutral trading rights by banning all American ships from traveling to foreign ports, effectively ending U.S. foreign trade.

How did the Embargo Act affect U.S. exports?

Exports plummeted from $48 million in 1807 to $9 million in 1808.

What impact did the Embargo Act have on shipbuilding and employment?

Shipbuilding declined by 66%, leading to major unemployment across the maritime industry.

How were farmers affected by the Embargo Act?

Farmers saw a 50% drop in the value of their export crops, devastating agricultural income.

How did the Embargo Act affect federal government revenue?

Tariff-based revenue from imports dropped sharply, weakening the federal budget.

What political effect did the Embargo Act have in New England?

It caused a resurgence of Federalist sentiment, especially in New England, though not enough to change the outcome of the 1808 election.

Who became president in 1809?

James Madison, Jefferson's Secretary of State, succeeded him as president.

What did the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 do?

It reopened trade with all countries except Britain and France and promised to resume trade with either if they stopped violating U.S. neutral rights.

What caused Native American resistance after the Treaty of Greenville (1795)?

Rapid white settlement in the Ohio Valley and the destruction of the Northwest Confederacy led to rising tensions.

How did William Henry Harrison acquire Native land?

He used divisions among tribes to secure major land cessions for the U.S.

Who was Tecumseh and what did he advocate?

A Shawnee leader who promoted a pan-Indian alliance and allied with the British in Canada to resist U.S. expansion.

Who was Tenskwatawa, and what was his message?

Known as "The Prophet", he was Tecumseh’s brother who urged rejection of white alcohol and goods and called for a return to traditional ways.

What was the Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809)?

A controversial treaty where Native lands (3 million acres) were sold for $0.02 per acre; Tecumseh and others rejected its legitimacy.

What happened at the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)?

Harrison attacked and burned Prophetstown, killing ~40 Native Americans, escalating tensions.

Why did the U.S. declare war on Britain in June 1812?

Due to impressment, trade interference, and British support of Native resistance on the frontier.

What was significant about the War of 1812 declaration?

It was the first official U.S. declaration of war, passed with divided congressional support.

Who were the War Hawks and what did they support?

A group led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun who pushed for war to defend U.S. honor, invade Canada, and defeat Native resistance.

What ironic event happened just before the War of 1812?

Britain had just agreed to stop harassing U.S. ships, but the news didn’t reach the U.S. in time.

What disadvantages did the U.S. face during the War of 1812?

A small military, limited funds (the national bank had expired), and internal political division.

What happened during the Chesapeake campaign of the war?

The British burned Washington D.C., but Fort McHenry in Baltimore held strong, inspiring the “Star-Spangled Banner.”

What was the outcome of the Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)?

Andrew Jackson defeated the Creeks, who were forced to cede 23 million acres via the Treaty of Fort Jackson.

What did the Treaty of Ghent (Dec. 1814) accomplish?

It ended the War of 1812 and restored pre-war boundaries, with no major concessions by either side.

What happened at the Battle of New Orleans (Jan. 1815)?

Andrew Jackson led a decisive American victory, boosting national pride, even though the war had officially ended.

What was the Hartford Convention and what did it cause?

A meeting of New England Federalists opposed to the war. The convention was discredited after the U.S. victory and contributed to the Federalist Party's decline.

What was the "Era of Good Feelings"?

A period during James Monroe’s presidency marked by national unity and the dominance of the Democratic-Republican Party.

What did the Missouri Compromise (1820) do?

It admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and drew a line banning slavery north of 36°30′ in future territories.

What did the Adams-Onís Treaty (1819) accomplish?

Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the western boundary of the Louisiana Purchase.