Comprehensive Anatomy and Physiology of Bones, Joints, and Muscles

What are the functions of bone?

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation, fat storage.

What are the types of bones?

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid.

What are examples of long bones?

Femur, humerus, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges.

What are examples of short bones?

Carpals, tarsals.

What are examples of flat bones?

Sternum, ribs, scapula, cranial bones.

What are examples of irregular bones?

Vertebrae, hip bones, facial bones.

What is a sesamoid bone?

A bone that develops inside tendons, e.g., patella.

What are the parts of a long bone?

Diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis, articular cartilage, periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity.

What is compact bone?

Dense, strong outer layer that contains osteons.

What is spongy bone?

Lighter bone containing trabeculae and red marrow.

What is an osteon?

The structural unit of compact bone, consisting of central canal, lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, canaliculi.

What is the role of osteoblasts?

Builds bone.

What is the role of osteocytes?

Maintains bone.

What is the role of osteoclasts?

Breaks down bone.

What are the types of ossification?

Intramembranous and endochondral.

What are the zones of bone growth at the epiphyseal plate?

Resting, proliferation, hypertrophy, calcification, ossification.

What does the axial skeleton include?

Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage.

What are the cranial bones?

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid.

What are the facial bones?

Maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal concha, vomer.

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7 cervical vertebrae.

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12 thoracic vertebrae.

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5 lumbar vertebrae.

What are the types of ribs?

True ribs (1-7), false ribs (8-12), floating ribs (11-12).

What does the appendicular skeleton include?

Pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limb.

What are the components of a synovial joint?

Joint cavity, articular cartilage, synovial fluid, articular capsule, ligaments.

What are the types of synovial joints?

Plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket.

What are the types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth.

What is the functional unit of skeletal muscle?

Sarcomere.

What are the thin and thick filaments in muscle?

Thin filament is actin; thick filament is myosin.

What is required for muscle contraction?

ATP, calcium, acetylcholine.

What is the sliding filament theory?

Myosin pulls actin, causing sarcomeres to shorten and muscles to contract.

What are the types of muscle contractions?

Isometric (no movement), isotonic (movement), concentric (muscle shortens), eccentric (muscle lengthens).