APSC 100 Midterm (if anyone mentions typos ur dead)

Stakeholder

Stakeholder

anyone who is influenced by the project, or who can influence the project

Universal Design

creating solutions that are inclusive of as many different people as possible, work for all users without requiring modifications or special training

Design Process: Stage 1

Study and clarify problem; define the problem we are going to solve, including what determines if a solution is acceptable and of high quality

Needs

stakeholder wants or expectations of what the final design should be or do

Expressed Needs

what stakeholders will actually say if you ask them

Threshold needs

often obvious things stakeholders expect but will forget to say

Latent needs

unexpected things stakeholders may have not considered but would delight them if done

Target Design Specification

a precise description of what the final design has to be or do

• quantifiable or testable

• developed from the need

  • an unambiguous agreement on what the team will attempt to achieve in order to satisfy the customer needs

Two Types of Design Specification

1. requirements

2. evaluation criteria

requirements

the limits of acceptability for a design which are passed/failed

evaluation criteria

measures that distinguish between levels of performance or stakeholder satisfaction

validation in the design process

do the specifications accurately capture the stakeholder needs?

verification in the design process

does the final design solution meet the specifications?

Design Process: Stage 2

Generate potential solutions

Guidelines for generating solutions

1. Don’t fixate or anchor on any specific ideas; resists developing on the first or favourite idea

2. Don’t evaluate ideas

3. Quantity > Quality; encourage variety of ideas

4. Wild or unusual ideas are encouraged

Design Process: Stage 3

Identify most promising solution

Screening

eliminate ideas that will never work

Engineering Design

the systematic process through which engineering knowledge and skills are applied to solve real-world, open-ended problems.

Iteration

continuously reviewing and revising previous work

Design Process: Stage 4

Develop and test solution

Design Process: Stage 5

implement the solution; final construction or detailing of the solution

Costs Committed

the actual costs to date plus the anticipated future costs from the decision

the decisions we make early in the project determine most of our spending that occurs later in the project

actual cost

the money, effort, and resources we have spent or consumed in a project

Screening

eliminating concepts that cannot be made to meet all requirements

Ranking

the process of qualitatively comparing ideas in order to narrow down to a small number worth investigating further; quickly and roughly rank from strong to weak; look for consistently strong ideas

Scoring

a detailed and resource-intensive process to quantitatively evaluate a small number of ideas; aim to identify the one idea to be pursued

Individual Voting

Ranking method; each person has a set number of votes which they can distribute among concepts

pairwise comparison

Ranking method; comparing each concept against every other concept, one at a time; a concept receives one point each time it is favoured in comparison, half a point if it is tied, and no points otherwise

criterion-based ranking

ranking method; concepts are qualitativey evaluated using each of the evaluation criteria from the deign specifications; a concept receives +1 if it performs above average, -1 if it is expected to perform below average, and 0 if it is average

weighted decision matrix

scoring method; a common tool used in scoring based on rating multiple options against each evaluation criterion with a weight applied

sensitivity analysis

a process where weights and scores are adjusted in a cWDM to assess the consistency of the results

prototypes

simple models of representations of a final design which reduce risk; sketches, computer drawings. foam models etc

focused prototypes

only capture one or two aspects of the design

comprehensive prototypes

all encompassing and near complete representations of the final design

dimensions to classify protoypes

focused to comprehensive, virtual to physical

3 elements of a presentation

audience, context, purpose

What should you know about your audience?

1. already know, need to know, and not know

2. think/opinion on topic

3. hope to get out of your presentation

purpose

describes the goals and reasons in delivering the presentation; what are you trying to convey

2 categories of presentations

Inform - describe, review, instruct, explain

Persuade - convince, influence, recommend, change, justify

context

• situational factors which led to you developing the presentation

• the setting

• other factors such as time, tools, and space

AAA designations stands for..

all ages and abilities

scales

consider a problem at different levels to determine the real issue and to identify all key stakeholders and potential solutions

What should we expect to change when we view a problem at a different scale?

• The context and details of the problem

• The group of key stakeholders

• Potential Solutions

Danger(s) of viewing a problem at only one scale?

• we might not be aware of the optimal solution

• key stakeholders to the problem may be neglected

• we might commit resources to solving the “wrong” problem

Salience

the measurement of how prominent and important a stakeholder is in a given project.

3 main elements to salience

power, urgency, legitimacy

power

the ability to influence a project (decision making authority, financial or resource contribution, expertise, etc.

urgency

has important or time-sensitive needs in the project

legitimacy

has a right to have a say in the project (they are directly impacted or they are legally entitled to give input)

rights holder

a stakeholder with addition legal or human rights which could be impacted by a project

primary stakeholder

stakeholder with power, urgency, and legitimacy

secondary stakeholder

stakeholder with two of the elements of salience

tertiary stakeholder

stakeholder with one of the elements

we use the salience model to classify stakeholders into which of the following categories?

primary, secondary, tertiary

bearable

both environment and society

viable

both environment and economy

equitable

both economy and society

sustainability

supporting the human world of people, society, culture, and the economy, while protecting and preserving the natural world right now and being able to continue to do this indefinitely;

the capacity of human society to continue indefinitely within the earth’s natural cycles

dimensions of sustainability

environment, society, economy

four principles of sustainability

1. Avoid consumption rates greater than the replenishment rate of resources.

2. Avoid making things and releasing things at a rate faster than it takes for them to break down.

3. Avoid degrading ecosystems, at a rate faster than they can naturally regrow

4. As a society, move towards happiness, wellbeing and meeting the needs of all people.