pediatri

Hypotonic infant da yapılan 3 muayene

-traction response

-vertical suspension

-horizontal suspension

Cerebral ve motor kaynaklı hypotonic farkı

Cerebral de reflexler artar

Fasciculation and tremor of tongue is seen in which hypotonic infant disease

Spinal muscular atrophy

Hangi tip hidrosefali shunt gerektirir

Non-communicating

What are the four major causes of macrocephaly?

Megalencephaly, cerebral edema, scalp/bone thickening, hydrocephalus

What causes hydrocephalus and how is it treated?

Impaired CSF circulation; often associated with increased ICP; treatment = ventriculoperitoneal shunt

What causes pallid breath-holding spells

Cardiac bradycardia.

What features favor breath-holding spells over epileptic seizures?

A clear provoking event (e.g. crying/head injury) and prominent pallor or cyanosis.

What early clinical findings should raise suspicion for CP?

Poor head control after 3 months, clenched hands after 3 months, inability to sit unsupported by 8 months, abnormal tone/posture, asymmetric use of the body, leg scissoring and persistent tongue thrusting after 6 months.

When is CP usually diagnosed? → During the 1st or 2nd year of life.

What is CP diagnosis primarily based on? → History and clinical presentation, supported by neurologic assessment and brain imaging.

What imaging modality is used in evaluation of CP? → MRI.

What is the general treatment approach to CP? → Individualized and multidisciplinary; mainly symptomatic and preventive.

What is the role of physical therapy in CP? → Improve skeletal alignment, strength, flexibility, balance, motor development, mobility and gait.

What is botulinum toxin type A used for in CP? → Reducing spasticity in targeted muscles.

Which drugs in the slide are used for muscle relaxation/spasticity in CP? → Baclofen and diazepam.

What are anticonvulsants used for in CP? → Treatment/control of seizures.

What is selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) used for? → Severe leg stiffness/spasticity to help improve walking.

What determines the long-term prognosis of CP? → Severity of motor disability and presence/severity of cognitive dysfunction.

Wide gait ,jerky movements ve trunk hypotonia hangi tip cerebral palsy de görülür

Ataxic-cerebellar

-birth asphyxia-term infants

-fluctuating tone

-swallowing difficulty

Hangi cp

Dyskinetic

-prematürelerde

-commando crawling

-toe walking

-scissoring gait

Hangi cp

Spastic diplegia

-term infants

-early hand preference

-delayed walking

-circumduction gait

Hangi cp

Spastic hemiplegia

What happens in a positive Doll's eye reflex in an unconscious patient with intact brainstem?

Eyes move opposite to head movement

Cheyne–Stokes respiration suggests what localization?

Diencephalic or bilateral cerebral hemisphere

Apneustic breathing suggests lesion where?

Pons

Classic finding of uncal herniation?

Ipsilateral fixed dilated pupil with ptosis due to CN III pals

Conjugated eye deviation to one side has 2 reasons…

1-ipsilateral hemisfer defect

2-contralateral hemisfer seizure