Chemistry criteria A final

Atomic Radius

The size of the atom

Ionization Energy

How much energy taken to remove an outer electron

Electron Negativity

How much energy taken to add an electron

Atomic radius pattern

the more protons (the higher atomic number) the smaller the radius is due to the high positive charge pulling the electrons in. The bigger the atomic number though the more shells it has and the less effective the positive charge is. So the smallest radius is in the top right corner.

Electronegativity pattern

The more protons the higher the electronegativity but the further away the outer shell is the lower as the charge i less effective

Ionization energy pattern

The more protons there are the higher the energy needed to remove an electron however the further the outer shell is the lower the amount of energy is required to remove an electron

Period

horizontal

Group

vertical

Alkali metals

the red section, first group on the periodic table

Alkaline earth metals

the second group in the periodic table

Halogens

The yellow section, 17th group

Noble gasses

18th group

anion

A negative atom, occurs when an electron is gained

Cation

A positive atom, occurs when an electron is lost

Atomic structure (amount of electrons in shells)

2,8,8

Isotopes

When an atom has more or less neutrons

atomic mass

The weight of the average atom of an element (Amu)

Mass of an electron

1/1800

Factors that affect reaction rates

Temperature- Kinetic energy increases chance of collisions

Concentration- more of the solute increases chance of collisions

Surface area-Increases chance of collisions

Amount of catalysts-can create more of the correct collisions in the right positions

Collision theory

For a reaction to occur, the particles must collide with enough energy in the correct orientation.

Reaction rate

Change in mass of reactant(or product)/time

Activation energy

he minimum energy required for a reaction to occur.

Ionic bonding

metal to non metal, transfer of electrons to another atom

Covalent bonding

non metal to non metal, sharing of electrons between atoms

Metallic bonding

Metal to metal, a sea of shared electrons.

Acid

any hydrogen-containing substance that is capable of donating a proton

base

a substance that can accept hydrogen ions in water

pH scale

A scale from 1 to 14 showing how acidic or basic solution is. Lower being more acidic and higher being more alkali, 7 being neutral.

neutralization with bases

If an acid is added to a basic solution, the solution becomes less basic and moves toward the middle of the pH scale

an acid’s reaction with metals

forms a salt and hydrogen gas

acid Reaction with carbonates

Result in water carbon dioxide and salt

basic titration

process of chemical analysis in which the quantity of some constituent of a sample is determined by adding to the measured sample an exactly known quantity of another substance with which the desired constituent reacts in a definite, known proportion.

Indicator

A chemical compound that changes color and structure when exposed to certain conditions and is therefore useful for chemical tests