bio unit 1 module 1

atom

smallest unit of matter that has the charcteristics of its specific element

nucleus with electron orbitals

structure of an atom

lower energy level orbital

higher energy level orbital

closer to nucleus =

farther from nucelus =

outermost orbital

Valence electrons found in the

diffrent types of bonds

valence electrons used for making

8

most atoms wants this much amount of electrons in their valence shell cuz this makes them most stable

neutral

#electrons=#protons

atoms are usually

ions

non neutral atoms are called

cations

these ion have positive charge

anions

these ions have negative charge

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (CHON)

4 main elements of life

trace elements, but they are critical to maintaining homeostasis and without them you would die

all other elements are

plants during photosynthesis

inorganic carbon is fixed from the atmosphere by

carbohydrates

biomass

inorganic carbon is incorporated into

main source of this in ecosystmes

every biomolecule that ur body needs

organisms utilize carbon to produce

make the neccesary biological molecules

organisms in carbon depleted areas will die because they cannot

bacteria and other decomposers absorbed by the plants to enter the food web

inorganic nitrogen is fixed from the atmosphere by

proteins and nucleic acids

organisms utilize nitrogen to produce

they cant make proteins or nucleic acids

organisms in nitrogen depleted areas will die because

nucleic acids and certain types of lipids (phospholids)

phosphorous is used to build

nucleic acids or phospholipids

organisms in phosphorous depleted areas will die because they cant make

electronegativity

measurment of how strongly atoms attract bonding electrons to themselves

how many electrons are in the valence shell

electronegativity is determined by

the closer to 8 electrons

the more electronegative element is

fluroine - most

oxygen - 2nd

nitrogen - 3rd of these

most electronegative elements

when 2 atoms share electrons

energy is stored in these

energy is released if covalent bond is broken

covalent bonds occur

ionic bonds

trasnfer of valence electrons from a metal to a nonmetal

charge on the atoms that attract each other

ionic bonds generate

ionic bond is weaker than covalent bonds and will dissasociate in water, so we don’t see them a lot in bio

what bond I sweaker

an un equal sharing of electrons across a covalent bond

polar molecules occur when there is

electronegative

polarity occurs when a very what element is bonded to a very small or very electropositive negative

neutral charge

polar molecules have an overall

pulling electrons toward itslef

electronegative element will be partially negative because it is

less electron density near itself

electroneative element will be partially positive because it has

weak attraction between oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine and another o,n, or f atom

hydrogen bonds I a

cuz they’re very electronegative. opposite charges attract. this form sthe hydrogen bond

why O N F

their overall shape

how atoms are bonded together determines

strucure, shape, and chemical properties

what determines the function of a a tom

given off as heat

eenergy is always conserved in a reaction. energy that appears lost was probably

energy, amount and types of atoms, and bonds. if u start with 4 bonds u end with 4 bonds

what is conserved in a reaction