Patho chapter 29: stress

yes

does stress involve changes that affect nearly every system of the body?

regulation and homeostasis

stress is considered a normal physiological process and is associated with … and …

coping

what represents an individual’s response to stress?

coping responses

actions taken to minimize or reduce the stressor to get back to a state of homeostasis, well being, and health

no

can humans handle an unlimited amount of stress?

disease and disability

those who experience a level of stress that exceeds their capability to cope with are at risk for what?

stress

a series of reactions to external and internal demands with the cumulative effect determined by the duration, severity, resources, and coping actions taken

coping

an action directed toward change through conscious or unconscious thoughts and behaviors to avoid harm and restore balance.

when there is a match between threat level and the individual’s ability to adapt and change a situation.

when is coping most effective?

stress neutral

what category does day to day stress fall under?

stress neutral

stress that is well within existing coping resources to manage

challenge/mangable stres

stress a person faces that is moderate to great and requires the use of existing/potentially new resources to be able to manage it.

stress not manageable

stress that exceeds coping capacity, leading to exhaustion of resources, outside assistance and resources are needed.

stress neutral

stress with effective coping

challenge/manageable

stress with effective coping, but with the addition of new coping skills

stress not manageable

stress with ineffective coping that exceeds a manageable capacity and requires outside assistance

nervous, endocrine, and immune

what body systems does stress trigger a physiologic response from?

minor

when a stressor is perceived as … subtle physiological, psychological, and behavioral processes compensate for the stressor.

nervous system, endocrine system, hypothalamus, sympathetic nervous system, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland

when a stressor is perceived as a more serious threat, a stress response is initiated by what?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

the fight or flight response is the result of which two catecholamines?

serious

does a serious stressor or minor stressor cause this sequence?

the alarm response is halted

what happens when a stressor and threat are eliminated, or when the individual deems and event to be neutral or a challenge within their capacity to manage?

no there is still a negative effect

does sustained stress have a negative effect on organs, body systems, and health and wellbeing, or does it just go away, because the stress stopped halfway through?

False, it does

T or F: a prolonged or chronic heightened stress response that is not adequately managed through effective coping does not exhaust capacity and the ability to maintain homoestasis.

physiological stress

a stressor that originates as a physiological trigger and usually is specifically associated with an injury or illness

true

T or F: an acute stress response is immediate, and often intense as it is necessary for survival.

chronic psychological stress

a long term state associated with exposure to consistent stressor such as difficult or abusive relationships, ongoing occupational stress, or financial stress

acute stress, episodic acute stress, and chronic stress

what are the main categories of unhealthy stress?

yes

can all unhealthy stress be physiological or psychological/emotional?

acute stress

the most common type of stress and typically occurs for a short period of time. it usually occurs in reaction to a perceived demand, threat, or pressure

episodic acute stress

an acute stress that occurs with some regularity or frequency. often occurs when individuals have self-imposed pressure and external demands for one’s attention.

chronic stress

a type of stress that represents a perpetual or sustained demand, threat, or pressure that is particularly harmful to health because it wears on individuals continuously.

2

how many phases in cognitive appraisal are there?

the first phase assess the harm, and the second phases assess the resources available to overcome the harm

explain the two phases of cognitive appraisal

central nervous system, cardiovascular system, immune system, musculoskeletal system, gastrointestinal system, integumentary system, sexuality and reproduction system

what body systems can chronic stress negatively impact?

past and current state of health, family history, psychosocial history, and stress symptoms associated with body systems

when conducting a history, the nurse queries about … ?

True

T or F: common symptoms of stress may include irritability, nervousness, anxiousness, feeling overwhelmed, or feeling depressed or sad.

yes

is it important to ask an individual how they coped with stressful events in the past?

sympathetic nervous system

examination findings associated with stress are usually consistent with the activation of what system?

primary prevention

prevention that focuses on preventing illness as a result of stress.

to promote effective coping, health, and well-being

what is the goal of primary prevention?

to restore the individual to optimal function

what is the goal of clinical management for an individual experiencing stress?

problem-focused, emotion focused, and meaning-focused

what are the three broad categories of coping strategies?

problem focused coping

coping that involves generating solutions to reduce or eliminate the identifies stressors.

stopped at problem focused coping on page 334