Social Structures and Ancient Civilizations

Vocabulary flashcards covering the social hierarchies of Sumerian, Egyptian, and Indian civilizations, including specific details on the Indian caste system.

Uruk

Recognized as the first city in the world, appearing in southern Mesopotamia with a Sumerian structure.

Pharaoh

The leader at the top of the Egyptian hierarchy whose power was passed through the family bloodline, usually to the eldest son.

Vizier

A high government official in ancient Egypt who ranked just below the pharaoh in power.

Manu-smriti

A text that explains the rights and obligations of each individual in the Indian caste system, combining religious and secular aspects.

Varna

A social class in India based on occupation and a person's role in society, determined by skills and talents rather than birth.

Jati

A status assigned to a person at birth and passed through the family, acting as a large extended family or cultural interest group.

British Raj

The British Empire in India which, starting in 1860, modified the ancient caste system into four main castes by 1920.

Brahmin

The highest and most respected group in Indian society, consisting of priests who possess knowledge of the gods and rituals.

Kshatriya

A caste of rulers and warriors who hold secular authority and serve as the physical protectors of the Brahmins.

Vaishya

A social level in the Indian caste system comprised of merchants, farmers, and traders.

Shudra

The group in the Indian caste system designated as low-level servants.

Dalits

Commonly referred to as outcasts, they represent the lowest level of society and face discrimination.