Turf Bowl Study: Key Terms & Definitions in Sociology

Climate

primary factor determining the region of adaptation of turfgrasses

Transition Zone

An imaginary line passing east to west at approximately 37° north latitude separates the temperate and subtropical zones in the eastern United States

35,000 ppm

Seawater contains how many parts per million salinity

Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis)

Most widely used cool season turfgrass

Tall Fescue

Cool season grass with the best heat tolerance

Water

Arguably the most important component in golf course management

70% and 10%

Approximately -- percent of water used for irrigation is from surface water sources (e.g., lakes, ponds, streams). Purchase of potable waters or secondary treated effluent make up less than -- percent of irrigation waters used.

Phytoplankton Algae

form the base of the food chain in a pond system

Zooplankton

tiny insectlike animals floating in the water and feeding on phytoplankton.

Littoral regions and open water regions

Ponds can be divided into various regions or areas, including

Littoral region

The shore area or interface zone between the land of the drainage basin and open water is the

90%

The littoral region is also the area in which over -- percent of all algal species are found attached to macrophytes

Open water region

an area where an upper layer of warm, well-lit, and relatively high oxygen levels and a lower layer of cooler, poorly lit, and lower oxygen water levels occur

Thermal Stratification

As temperatures rise, the pond's surface warms, becoming lighter (less dense) and beginning -------- which allows the water to "layer," with warm water being separated from the deep- er cooler water

epilimnion layer

Upper levels of ponds may become much warmer (termed the

hypolimnion layer

the cold-water bottom (termed the

thermocline

In small ponds (e.g.,

benthic zone

the bottom of a pond that is normally nutrient enriched and oxygen starved

eutrophication

where excess dissolved nutrients occur with insufficient dissolved oxygen

"Turnover" of a pond

often occurs when the surface is cooled from rain or cold temperatures

Periphytic algae

is the general category of predominantly beneficial green algae found growing on or attached to submerged structures in fresh water

NH4

Chemical formula of Ammonia

Riparian wetlands

Wetlands that are adjacent to flooding streams

75-85% and 60-65%

Plants typically contain between -- to --% water by weight and begin to die if their water content drops to -- to --% within a short period of time

Time Domain Reflectometry and Frequency Domain Reflectometry

What does TDR and FDR stand for?

tensiometer

Measure how tightly (the "tension") water is held by soil.

Crop coefficient

Actual turf water use usually is not quite as high as

ET, so a factor called the -------- is used to convert ET to actual turf ET

5%

Only about -- of all water consumed by turf is used in photosynthesis, carbohydrate synthesis, and other metabolic reactions

95%

About -- of water consumed by turf is lost as vapor from the leaves, to the atmosphere, by the process of transpiration

Evaporation

Water lost from soil and leaf surfaces

transpiration

In a mature turf which losses are usually more substantial: Transpiration or evaporation

Evapotranspiration (ET)

Combined water loss through evaporation and transpiration

Atmometer

can be used to estimate evaporative demand

Irrigation system efficiency or Distribution Uniformity

The net irrigation requirement is affected by

Water Soluble Salts (or Salinity Drought Hazard)

Total salt content as measured by the electrical conductivity (ECw) or total dissolved salts (TDS) of water

Sodium Status

Soil sodium level proportionally to Ca and Mg ions as measured by sodium adsorption ratio

Alkalinity

Bicarbonates and carbonates as measured by residual sodium carbonate (RSC)

Suspended Solids

as measured by total suspended solids (TSS)

Electrical Conductivity or Total Dissolved Salts

In what two ways is salinity expressed

Milliequivalents

describe the molecular weight adjusted for the valence number (number of positive charges) of the ion

Pure water

Irrigating with this strips mineral from cation exchange capacity (CEC) sites, causing dispersed particles to settle closely next to each other

Deflocculation

High soil sodium causes finer-textured soil and organic matter to disperse and is termed as

Sodic Soils

have high levels of exchangeable sodium, low total soluble salt content. These soils tend to disperse, reducing water infiltration. They also have a pH between 8.5 and 10 and are often called black alkali soils because the organic matter in the soil tends to disperse creating black-colored puddles.

Saline-sodic

soils contain both high soluble salts and high exchangeable sodium

Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP)

identifies the degree or portion of the soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) occupied or saturated by sodium

Sodicity

refers to high concentration of sodium (Na+)

Salinity

refers to high concentration of total salts

Saline soils

most common type of salt-affected soil and the easiest to reclaim

Calcium sulfate or gypsum (CaSO4) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

Salts of low solubility, such as ------------ and ---------, may also be present in saline soils

ESP

indicates the probability a soil will disperse, there by reducing the permeability of soil to water and air

Hydrophobic (or "water hating")

soils such as those associated with localized dry spots, occur as organic mat- ter decomposes and humic and fulvic acids (nonpolar) produced eventually coat individual sand grain particles

Adjuvants

a spray additive that helps modify the surface properties of liquids to enhance their performance and handling

Surfactants

are adjuvants that produce physical or chemical changes at the interface of a liquid and another liquid, solid, or gas

Wetting Agents

are a type of adjuvant that reduce interfacial tensions and cause a liquid to spread more easily over, or to penetrate, a solid surface, thus increasing the contact with treated surfaces

Anionic

negatively charged ion

Cationic

positively charged ion

Nonionic

Neutrally charged ion

Amphoteric

charge is pH dependent of the solution

non-polar

When a wetting agent is applied, their non-polar ends react (or align) with the -------- ("water-hating") ends of the acid coated sands

The polar

-------("water-loving") ends of the wetting agent then are exposed outward and can attract water, restoring wettability

3.5%

When soil organic matter content exceeds ----, this organic matter may dry down slower when treated

Soil penetrants

These are often characterized as "water-moving" chemistry

Soil water retainers

These are often characterized as "water-holding" chemistry, containing propylene oxide terminal functional groups

Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium, magnesium, sulfur

Macronutrients can further be subdivided into primary nutrients which are (------------------) and secondary nutrients which are (------------------)

80%, 95%, 50%

Up to -- percent of the soil sulfur, -- percent of the soil nitrogen, and over -- percent of the total soil phosphorus are stored in soil organic matter

Roots

are the principal means in which nutrients and water enter plants

Mobile

Nutrients are what if the plant can transport them from one tissue to another

Immobile

elements that show deficiencies in new growth as they are not transferred from older growth if external supplies are inadequate

Calcium, Iron, Boron, Manganese, and Copper

Immobile elements include:

10-50-0

Monoammonium phosphate analysis

18-46-0

Diammonium phosphate analysis

saltpeter

Potassium nitrate is also known as what

[31-37]-0-0

Sulfur-coated urea analysis

[39-43]-0-0

Polymer sulfur-coated urea analysis

[18-38]-0-0

Urea formaldehyde

31-0-0

Isobutylidene Diurea

[37-44]-0-0

Reactive Layer Coating (RLC)/Resin Coated Urea (RCU)

Hydrolysis and microbial

The two most common release mechanisms include

microbial, hydrolysis, osmosis, and mechanical

The 4 release mechanisms of fertilizer are

15%

To qualify as a slow-release fertilizer, at least --% of the nutrient must be slowly released over a period of time

Ammonium form, nitrate form

Once applied, all organic nitrogen forms must be converted first to the ---------- and then to the ---------

foliar feeding

involves using low fertilizer rates in low water application volumes

Liquid fertilization

involves using higher spray volumes

Phosphorus (P)

the third-most essential element for plant growth (behind N & K)

Phosphorus (P)

is involved in the transfer of energy as the organic compound, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), during metabolic processes

Phosphorus (P)

is an essential component of DNA, RNA, and cellular membranes

luxury consumption

most plants can absorb more potassium than needed; this is often referred to as

Muriate-of-Potash (0-0-60)

the most often used potassium-containing fertilizer

Calcium

An immobile element within plants

Magnesium

is essential for chlorophyll production in plants, as chlorophyll molecules contain approximately 7 percent

Magnesium

is a mobile element in the plant and is easily translocated from older (bottom-most) to younger plant parts as needed

Borax

Sodium borate is referred to as

Sulfur

is essential for the selective amino acids cystine, cysteine, and methionine

Chelates

are cyclic structures of a normally non-soluble divalent metal atom and an organic component that, when held togeth- er, become soluble in water

Chelated

from the Greek chele, meaning claw

ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

EDTA

diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid

DTPA

cyclohexane- diaminetetraacetic acid

CDTA

ethylenediaminedi (o-hy- droxyphenylacetic acid)

EDDHA

citrate; and gluconate

Are used as chelating agents