euro ap exam important terms to know

bc of crusades, they rediscovered texts from

the greek and roman world

revival of classical texts led to rebirth of learning in europe, called the

renaissance

revival of learning, helped by gutenberg's printing press, radically changed the european worldview as it shifted focus toward the individual + secular world in a movement known as

humanism

what was europeans response to establishment of plantation economy in americas

expanding the african slave trade

resources and wealth from american colonies led to

commercial revolution in europe

martin luther wrote his critiques against the catholic church in

95 theses

95 theses caused new religious movement, known as

protestant reformation

reformation led to religious wars, what war broke out for reasons of allowing religious pluralism

30 years war

what did the peace of westphalia do

ended the 30 years war and idea of universal christendom within europe

catholic church responded to protestant reformation with

council of trent, it reaffirmed catholic doctrine

missionaries known as ____ were sent out to restore people to the catholic faith

jesuits

most of europe was under _ monarchies (like france and spain)

absolute

what were alternative political systems to absolute monarchies, and where

constitutional monarchies, in england

european states tried to exert power, what was partitioned by prussia, russia, and austria

poland

what did peter the great tried to do to russia

westernize their political and cultural institutions

european colonies in americas led to economic development, including what economy

global economy

what increased supply of food and other goods

agricultural revolution

traditional views of the universe were challenged and changed by scientists in the

scientific revolution

philosophers created new theories in human behavior in the

enlightenment

enlightement philosophers met in

coffeehouses or salons, were often hosted by women

during enlightenment, debate on women continued, ___ contributed to emerging political and scientific thought

mary wollstonecraft

during enlightenment, most of west europe was still governed by absolute monarchs, east and central europe experimented with

enlightened absolutism

example of enlightened absolutism

prussian leader frederick the great and austrian leader joseph ii

enlightenment ideals of free speech + political sovereignty culminated in the

french revolution

what did the french revolution do (political)

initially created constitutional monarchy, but quickly turned radical during reign of terro

who took power after french rev

napoleon

napoleon's attempt to expand the french empire led to widespread increase of what

nationalism

who called for meeting to restore balance of power in europe after napoleonic wars, wanted to contain danger of nationalistic upheavals known as the _

metternich, congress of vienna

industrial revolution in britain began because of abundance of

coal and iron deposits and governmental support

first industrial revolution began with , while the second industrial revolution used ___

textile industry, steel and electricity

enclosure acts led to

increasing urbanization

after enclosure acts; overcrowding, pollution, and poor treatment of led to rise in ____

working class, social movements (govs passed laws that increased wages)

conservatives sought to maintain political order, but new political ideologies like liberalism, emphasized ___, and socialism, fought for __

popular sovereignty and individual rights, redistribution of wealth and resources

new conservative leaders, _ and used nationalism to strengthen state

bismarck and cavour

conservative's nationalism to strengthen the state led to growing _

anti-semitism against jews, clearly seen in dreyfus afair in france

king leopold ii's meeting

berlin conference

what happened at berlin conference

european powers partitioned africa in order to gain resources + colonies

herbert spencer's ideology of _ and kipling's the white man's burden fueled this _

social darwinism, new imperialism

as response to enlightenment's focus on reason, new artistic movement called emerged

romanticism

irrational philosophers and new _ challenged newtonian physics, led to _

relativism, loss in confidence in the objectivity of nature

how did ww1 end?

treaty of versailles

what led to rise of fascist + totalitarian leaders across europe

treaty of versailles (its impact on germany) and global economic crisis

fascist or totalitarian leaders across europe: in spain, in italy, in germany, in USSR

franco, mussolini, hitler, stalin

who fought against tsarist monarchy in russian revolution

lenin and bolshevik party

what happened after lenin's death?

stalin took power, started policy of economic modernization with collectivization of agriculture and 5 year plans

what military strategy did hitler and nazis use in ww2?

blitzkrieg, opposite of trench warfare

hitler's anti-semitism led to

the holocaust, so many jews and other people died

after ww2, US and USSR (both superpowers) carried out conflicts in _

cold war

when did soviet union fall? when did the cold war end?

1991

in order to prevent more war (after cold war) what did european states do?

they took steps toward political and economic integration, created european union in 1992

what did social welfare programs do?

they supported societies in post war world and increased consumerist culture because of globalization

europe's postwar peace was sometimes interrupted by periods of ethnic cleansing in the ___ and nationalist violence in _

balkan peninsula, spain and ireland

former european colonies fought for independence after ww2 in period known as

decolonization

increased immigration from former colonies led to rise in

anti-immigrant agitation and extreme nationalist political parties