HISTORY 10H - HISTORY ALL TERMS FINAL QUIZLET

Scientific Revolution

A period of major scientific advancements in the 16th-18th centuries that challenged traditional beliefs and led to the development of modern science.

Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Theories

• Ideas come with the Scientific revolution

• Geocentric: Earth-centered universe (Ptolemy); Heliocentric: Sun-centered universe (Copernicus).

Scientific Method

• A scientific process for collecting and analyzing evidence, based on observation and experimentation

Enlightenment

• An intellectual movement in the 17th-18th centuries Europe emphasizing reason, individualism, and reform over tradition

  • Humans can use rational thought, reason, logic

  • Secularism

  • Critique on authority

Philosophers/Philosophe

Enlightenment thinkers who promoted knowledge, reason, and reform in society and politics.

Thomas Hobbes

• 1651

• English philosopher who believed in absolute monarchy and that people are naturally selfish (author of Leviathan).

• Developer of social contract (giving for protection)

• People gontrol being governmenet

John Locke

• 1680-90s

• Enlightenment thinker who believed in natural rights (life, liberty, property) and that government must protect these rights.

Social Contract Theory

• Created by Thomas Hobbes

• The idea that people agree to form governments for mutual benefit and can change them if they fail to serve the people

• Giving up freedoms in return for protection, preserving rights

Popular Sovereignty

• The belief that the power of government comes from the people

Old Regime

• 1600s to 1789

• The political and social system of France before the French Revolution, based on absolute monarchy and feudal privileges

• Class based

• Absolute monarchy, inequality, feudal issues.

Separation of Powers (Checks & Balances)

• Enlightenment idea (Montesquieu) that divides government into branches to prevent abuse of power

  • Legislative

  • Executve

  • Judicial

Proportional Punishment

• The principle that punishments should match the severity of the crime; advocated by Beccaria

Bourgeoisie

• The middle class in France

• Wealthy and educated

• Including merchants and professionals, often leaders in revolutionary movements.

• Gained political power and suppressed proletariat

Natural Rights

• Rights that all people are born with, such as life, liberty, and property

  • John Locke

State of Nature

• A concept in political philosophy about human life before government or laws

• A way of life without society and governments

• Natural and animalistic

Three Estates

• The social classes in pre-revolutionary France: clergy (First), nobility (Second), commoners (Third).

Relics of Feudalism

• Outdated privileges and obligations from the feudal system, like aristocratic tax exemptions

  • Lords controlled sectors of the land

  • Inequality

  • Tax farming

  • Heavy ties with Catholic Church

Phases of the French Revolution

• Moderate (1789-1792)

  • Storming of Bastille

  • Declaration of the rights of man

  • Constitutional monarchy

• Radical/Reign of Terror (1792-1794)

  • Led by Robspierre

  • Mass killings

• Reactionary (1794-1799)

  • Napolean’s popularity

  • Deaths seize

  • Relics of feudalism

Tax System

• In the Old Regime, unfair taxation placed the burden mostly on the Third Estate

  • Rich payed nothing

  • Poor payed

King Louis XVI

• French monarch executed during the French Revolution for treason

  • Debt / spending

  • Called estates general

  • Resisted change

  • Tried to flee

  • Executed

Estates-General

• May 5, 1798

• The traditional assembly representing the three estates of France; called for the first time in 175 years

  • Due to financial crisis

  • Third estate demands more power, rejected

  • Led to formation of national assembly, tennis court oath

French Revolution

A revolution (1789-1799) that overthrew the monarchy, feudalism, inequality, and led to the rise of democratic ideals and Napoleon

Bastille

• July 14, 1789

• A prison, fortress for political prisoners

• Stormed an tore down, for weapons and gunpowder symbolizing the beginning of the French Revolution

Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen

• August 26 1789

• A revolutionary document that stated the rights and freedoms of French citizens

• Life, Liberty, property, security, and resistance

• Freedoms, equal taxation, fair trials

Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité

• The motto of the French Revolution: Liberty, Equality, Brotherhood.

Levee en Masse

• 1793

• Mass national draft policy for military service during the French Revolution

• First example of total war

La Marseillaise

• French national anthem, originally a revolutionary war song.

Reign of Terror

• 1793-1794

• Period during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for being 'enemies of the revolution.”

  • Led by robspierre, committee of public safety, and radical jacobins

  • Internal, external enemies

  • Restriction of freedoms

  • Surveillance

Robespierre

• Radical Jacobin leader during the Reign of Terror

  • Head of committee of public safety

  • Used terror to push enemies

  • strict morals

  • virtue, equality, far right

  • Executed

Committee of Public Safety

• Powerful group led by Robespierre to protect the revolution, often using violence

• Created by national convention to protect revolution

• Internal, external enemies

• Levee en masse

Napoleon Bonaparte

• 1804

• Military leader who rose to power after the French Revolution and declared himself Emperor of France

  • Expanded French territory

  • Napoleonic code

  • Ended chaos, brought stability

  • Changed history

Napoleonic Code

• 1804

• Legal code established by Napoleon that emphasized equality before the law but limited some freedoms

• Spread ideals

  • Equality

  • Property

  • Protection

  • Freedom of religion

  • No feudalism/abuse of power

Empire Building

• Napoleon's expansion of French territory across Europe through military conquest

• Spread ideals

Napoleon's Downfall

• 1815

• Result of failed invasion of Russia, rising nationalism, and defeat at Waterloo

  • Russian campaign, death of troops

  • Was pushed back across Europe

  • Colonies invaded him

  • Was forced to step down

  • Exiled to Elba, came back later

  • Defeated at Battle of Waterloo

  • Exiled again

Congress of Vienna

• 1815

• meeting of European powers to restore order after Napoleon; promoted balance of power and conservatism

  • Wanted to restore monarchies

  • Create a balance of power

  • Redraw borders

  • Peace and stability

  • New international system.

German Unification

• Led by Otto von Bismarck

• The process of uniting German-speaking states into the German Empire in 1871, led by Prussia

• 3 wars

  • Danish war

  • Austro-Prussian War

  • Franco-prussian war

• German Empire was proclaimed in the hall of mirrors at the palace of versailles

Otto von Bismarck

• Prussian chancellor who unified Germany using war and diplomacy

• Believed in Realpolitik - practical strategies

• Led unification of Germany

Realpolitik

• Political strategy based on practical goals rather than ideals

• Used by Otto von Bismarck

Negative/Positive Integration

• Negative: Unifying by creating a common enemy (group dehumanized)

• Positive: Unifying by shared culture or goals (inclusion through identity)

Conservatism vs. Liberalism

• Conservatism

  • Order and stability

  • Strong monarchy

  • Religion

  • No rebelling

• Liberalism

  • Liberty, equality, freedom

  • Capitalism

  • Rebelling

  • Constitutional government

Britain Industrial Revolution

• 1750s-1850s

• Major change in Britain where manual labor was replaced by factories

• Worlds first industrialized nation

• Britain was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution due to resources, capital, and innovations

• Coal and iron

• Rivers and ports

• Wealth, agriculture

• Steam engine, loom, spinning jenny

Textile Industry

• Production of cloth and fabric from cotton, wool, flax

• First industry to be transformed, with innovations like the spinning jenny and power loom

• boosted global trade

Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat

• Bourgeoisie

  • capitalists

  • own means of production

  • middle class owners

• Proletariat

  • working class labourers

  • don’t own property or means of production

  • poorly treated

Laissez-faire

• Economic theory advocating that minimal government interference should be in the economy and buisness

Adam Smith

• Economist who wrote Wealth of Nations and promoted capitalism and free markets

• Laissez-Faire, division of labor

• Father of capitalism

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

• Developers of Marxist theory

• Class conflict, rebelling, rejecting capitalism

• Influenced many communist revolutions

• Authors of The Communist Manifesto, criticized capitalism and called for a workers' revolution.

Capitalism

• Economic system based on private ownership and profit (capital)

• Free markets

• Competition

• Supply and demand

Entrepreneur

• A person who starts and runs a business, taking on financial risk

Cottage vs. Factory System

• Cottage: work done at home, collected by merchants

  • small scale

  • manual

  • limited production

• Factory: centralized, machine-driven production

  • faster

  • mass production

  • efficiant

  • division of labor

  • poor working conditions

Steam Engine, James Watt

• Machine that converts steam pressure into mechanical energy

• Powered trains, machines, ships

• James Watt Invented a more efficient steam engine, crucial to industrialization

  • Transformed society

New Imperialism

• Late 19th-century

• Expansion by European powers into Africa and Asia for economic, political, and colonial gains

Motivations and Justifications

• Motivations

  • Raw materials

  • Markets

  • Wealth

  • Nationalism

  • Competition for territories

• Justifications

  • White man’s curden

  • Social darwinism

Scramble for Africa

• Rapid colonization of Africa by European powers in the late 1900s

• Economic interests, expansion, competition with colonies

• Ethnic, cultural, political boundaries changed

• brutality and permanent trauma

Direct/Indirect Rule

• Direct: colonial government rules directly

  • Rulers replaced by colony’s rulers

  • Day to day life changed

• Indirect: local rulers maintain authority under imperial control.

  • Same authority, under a hidden, bigger leader

Social Construction of Race

• Idea that racial categories are created by society, not based in biology

• People have assigned certain values to divide people

Social Darwinism

• Belief by Darwin that suggests certain people are naturally better than others

• The fittest should survive and dominate society

• Justified inequality, racism, imperialism

White Man's Burden

• Concept that the Europeans had a duty to 'civilize’ inferior people

• White people were superior

• Justified imperialism

• Christianity, racism

King Leopold II

• 1865-1917

• Belgian king who brutally exploited the Congo for rubber and resources.

• Wanted a empire for wealth and power

• Claimed the Congo

• Forced millions into brutal labor

• People who resisted were tortured. hands cut off, killed

• Global outrage grew and he was exposed

• Leopold sold the Congo to Belgium

Berlin Conference

• 1884

• Meeting called by Otto von Bismarck

• European powers met to divided Africa without input from Africans

• Wanted to avoid conflict between powers

African Nationalism

• Movements for African self-rule and independence from European colonial powers

• Unite African people as they demanded control

• Identity and culture

Frantz Fanon

• Revolutionary thinker who believed in the psychological impacts of racism and colonialism

• Believed violence was necessary

• Believed in mental liberation

Worthy/Unworthy Victims

• Concept that some victims are more deserving of sympathy than others

• Suffering is acknowledged

British East India Company

• Founded in 1600

• Given a charter by Queeen Elizabeth to trade in SouthAsia

• Traded spices and silk, then controlled colonial expansion and government

• Control, economic exploitation

• Underdevelopment

Sepoy Mutiny

• 1857 revolt by Indian soldiers against British rule

• New rifles for army were greased with cow and pig fat

• Soldiers refused to use them

• British then took direct control of India

Indian National Congress

• 1885

• Political party that led the fight for Indian independence from British rule

• Led by Gandhi

• Gave India a voice

Mohandas Gandhi

• Leader of India's independence movement against British colonial rule

• “Father of India”

• Believed in nonviolence and civil disobedience (Satyagraha)

• Led salt march, and other movements

• Assassinated by a Hindu nationalist

• 1947 independance

Nationalism

• Belonging to a nation, shared identity, culture, etc

• People who share this are united and have a right to control their government

Colonial Rivalry

• Competition between European powers for overseas colonies, contributing to tensions before WWI

• Power, wealth, expansion, resources

• Scramble for Africa

MAIN Causes of WWI

• Militarism

• Alliances

• Imperialism

• Nationalism.

Balkans, Powder Keg of Europe

• Region with ethnic tensions and rivalries that contributed to the outbreak of WWI

• Wanted independence from Ottoman Empire and AH

Place in the Sun

• Germany's desire for global power and colonies before WWI.

• Influenced its believes and actions

Alsace-Lorraine

• Region on Franco-German border

• Two provinces

• Has been fought over

• Taken over by Germany but then returned to France due to both world wars

World War I

• 1914-1918

• Global war caused by complex alliances and imperial ambitions

• Sparked due to Archduke’s assassination

• Triple Alliance vs Triple Entente

• Brutal warfare on the western front

• Germany took the blame (Treaty of Versailles)

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

• Heir to Austro-Hungarian throne

• Assassinated in 1914, by Gavrilo Princip, sparking WWI.

Gavrilo Princip

• Serbian nationalist who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand

• Part of “The Black Hand”

  • Wanted a greater Serbia, independance

• Led to break of WW1

Schlieffen Plan

• Germany's strategy to avoid a two-front war

• Quickly defeat France and then fight Russia; before they could mobilize

• Failed and led to trench warfare

War of Attrition

• A conflict where both sides try to wear the other down through continuous losses

• Gets nowhere

Total War

• A war involving all aspects of society, including civilian and economic resources

Women and WWI

• Women entered the workforce in large numbers and gained greater social recognition

• Workforce participation

  • Factories to produce supplies

• Nurses to soldiers

• Promoted the war

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

• Germany's illegal policy of sinking all ships, including civilian ones, around Britain

• Cut off supplies to people

• Germany sunk Lusitania, leading US to join the war

Triple Alliance

• Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

  • Italy later switches sides

Triple Entente

• France, Russia, and Britain

Trench Warfare

• Defensive warfare with soldiers in trenches

• Led to stalemates and HEAVY casualties

• Heavy on western front

• Shell shock, trauma, tanks

New Weaponry

• Machine guns, tanks, poison gas, and airplanes introduced in WWI

• Tanks

• Led to Germany’s loss

Vladimir Lenin

• 1917

• Russian revolutionary, Leader of the Bolsheviks, head of soviet union

• led the Russian Revolution and founded the Soviet Union.

• Established communism, wanted a dictatorship

• Red terror

  • Killings to eliminate counterrevolutionaries, and enemies

Russian Revolution

• Political wars in Russia

• Led to creation of communist government

• 1917

• Part 1

  • Abdicated Czar Nicholas

• Part 2

  • Bolsheviks revolution, Lenin seized power

• Created Soviet union

• Led to cold war (US vs Soviet union)

Bolsheviks

• Marxist political party

• Led by Lenin

• Wanted to overthrow government and create communism

• Seized power and created Soviet union

Treaty of Versailles

• 1919 peace treaty that ended WWI

• Blamed Germany and imposed harsh penalties

• Had to pay reparations

Weimar Republic

• Democratic government in Germany after WWI

• Formed after Germany’s defeat

• Social unrest, economic problems, debt

• Ended with Hitler’s seize to power

Reparations

• Payments Germany was forced to make for war damages after WWI

• Treaty of Versailles

War Guilt Clause

• Article in Treaty of Versailles blaming Germany for WWI

• Has to pay reperations

League of Nations

• 1920 established by Treaty of Versailles

• Wanted world peace by resolving issues

• Faced challenges and was unable to prevent aggression

Ruhr Valley Crisis

• 1923

• France and Belgium occupies Germany to steal reparations

• Crisis in Germany

• Hyperinflation, political instability

Hyperinflation

• Extreme inflation in Germany in the early 1920s: Ruhr valley crisis

• Prices of goods increase rapidly

• Severe economic consequences

Great Depression

• 1929

• US stock market crash

• Hyperinflation, poverty, suffering

• Widespread financial chaos, spread to other countries

• Global economic crisis starting in 1929

Totalitarianism

• A government that seeks to control all aspects of life through dictatorship and propaganda.

• Absolute power, no rebelling

• Obedience and fear

Fascism

• Government that emphasizes nationalism and no rebelling

• Led by a dictatorship

• Reject rights and freedom

• Supports violence

Nazism

• German fascism under Hitler; included extreme racism, militarism, and anti-semitism.

Communism

• Political ideology advocating for classless society

• Common ownership of production

• People work for the good of society

• Class conflicts shape history

• Created by Karl Marx

Stalin

• 1920s

• Leader of Soviet union

• Rose to power after Lenin’s death

• Violence, terror, suffering, purges

• Led the USSR through WWII.