Comprehensive English Grammar: Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, and Figures of Speech

What are nouns?

Nouns are the names of a person, place, thing, time, and action.

What is the difference between concrete and abstract nouns?

Concrete nouns are touchable and visible (e.g., ballpen, cup), while abstract nouns represent ideas, thoughts, or concepts (e.g., hate, anger, sadness).

What is a common noun?

A common noun refers to a general class of a noun (e.g., doctor, city, ball).

What is a proper noun?

A proper noun is a specific name (e.g., Dr. Jose Rizal, City of Makati, Basketball).

What is a singular noun?

A singular noun refers to one thing.

What is a plural noun?

A plural noun refers to multiple things.

What are compound nouns?

Compound nouns are nouns made up of two or more words (e.g., train-spotting).

What are interrogative pronouns?

Interrogative pronouns introduce questions (e.g., whom, whose, who, what, which).

What are demonstrative pronouns?

Demonstrative pronouns point out something (e.g., these, those, that, this).

What are indefinite pronouns?

Indefinite pronouns do not point out something specific.

What are relative pronouns?

Relative pronouns connect a group of words to another idea.

What is a verb?

A verb expresses an action.

What is the difference between active and passive voice?

Active voice has the subject as the doer of the action (e.g., Jessica edited the video), while passive voice has the subject as the receiver of the action (e.g., The video was edited by Jessica).

What are the types of adverbs?

Types of adverbs include adverb of manner (how), place (where), frequency (how often), degree (how much), and interrogative adverb (asks a question).

What are the three moods of verbs?

The three moods are indicative (states a fact), imperative (gives a command), and subjunctive (expresses a condition or wish).

What is an adjective?

An adjective gives a description to a noun or pronoun.

What are the types of adjectives?

Types of adjectives include adjective of quantity (some, much), numeral (many, few), limiting adjectives (tells a number), and descriptive adjectives (describes meaning).

What is a preposition?

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase modifying another word in the sentence (e.g., by, with, about).

What is a conjunction?

A conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses (e.g., and, while, but).

What are coordinating conjunctions?

Coordinating conjunctions include for, and, nor, but, or, yet (FANBOY).

What are subordinating conjunctions?

Subordinating conjunctions include that and because.

What are correlating conjunctions?

Correlating conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions like not only… but also, whether… or, neither… nor.

What is a clause?

A clause is a group of words that has a subject and predicate.

What is a predicate?

A predicate is the part of a sentence or clause containing a verb and stating something about the subject.

What is a complement?

A complement completes the description or message expressed by a linking verb.

What is synecdoche?

Synecdoche is a figure of speech where a part is used to represent the whole.

What are figures of speech?

Figures of speech are thoughts with implied or non-literal meanings.

Alliteration

repetition of initial consonant sound

Anaphora

repetition of the same word

Antithesis

contrasting ideas

Apostrophe

Addressing a non-existent or non-living thing

Assonance

repetition of vowel sound

Hyperbole

exaggeration

Irony

opposite meaning

Litotes

affirmative expressed by negative of the opposite

Metaphor

comparison of non-similar objects

Simile

uses like and as for comparison

Metonymy

Substitution of word by another word closely associated

Onomatopoeia

formulation of words from a sound

Paradox

acceptable premises that lead to contradiction

Personification

gives human traits to nonhuman objects

Synecdoche

Part is used as a whole

Present tense (verb + es/s)

Process or permanent condition

Past Tense (ed/d)

happened already

Future Tense (will + base verb / is / am + base verb)

will happen in future time

Present Perfect (has/have + past participle)

already happened

Past Perfect ( had + past participle )

cause and effect is present

Future Perfect ( am/is/are + going to have + past participle )

two events about to happen

Present Progressive (am/is/are + present participle)

currently happening

Past Progressive (was / were + present participle)

before happening in the past time

Future Progressive (is/are/am + going to be + present participle)

will happen at a given time