Exam 1: Levels of Organization

medial

toward the midsagittal plane (midline); nearer to the middle

lateral

away from the midsagittal plane (midline); toward the side

proximal

nearer to the axial body

distal

farther from the axial body

superior

toward or nearer to the head; above

inferior

toward or nearer to the feet; below

supine

lying horizontally facing upward

prone

lying horizontally facing downward

ventral

front; anterior

dorsal

back; posterior

abduction

movement toward the side, away from the body

adduction

movement toward the side, toward the body

eversion

movement of the ankle causing the bottom of the foot to face toward the side or laterally

inversion

movement of the ankle causing the bottom of the foot to face toward the midline or medially

flexion

movement toward the front or anterior (exception at the knee joint)

extension

movement toward the back or posterior (exception at the knee joint)

horizontal adduction

movement of the arm toward the midline, or anterior, when at shoulder level

horizontal abduction

movement of the arm away from midline, or posterior, when at shoulder level

medial rotation

rotation movement of the shoulder or hip toward the midline; internal rotation

lateral rotation

rotation movement of the shoulder or hip away from the midline; external rotation

pronation

rotation movement of the forearm to palm down; palm facing posterior

supination

rotation movement of the forearm to palm up; palm facing anterior

protraction

movement of the scapula away from the spinal column; scapular abduction

retraction

movement of the scapula toward the spinal column; scapular adduction

radial deviation

movement of the wrist toward the radius or away from the body; wrist abduction

ulnar deviation

movement of the wrist toward the ulna or toward the body; wrist adduction

LUQ

left upper quadrant

AP

anteroposterior

LE

lower extremity

ext

extension

add

adduction

RLQ

right lower quadrant

L

left

post

posterior

abd

abduction

PA

posteroanterior

R

right

UE

upper extremity

LLQ

left lower quadrant

ant

anterior

flex

flexion

RUQ

right upper quadrant

lat

lateral

Aminoglycoside

inhibit protein synthesis

Macrolide

inhibit protein synthesis

Cephalosporin

prevent bacteria cell wall formation

Fluoroquinolone

prevent growth of bacteria

Penicillin

prevent bacteria cell wall formation

Tetracycline

inhibit protein synthesis

Analgesic and Antipyretic

relieve minor aches and pains and reduces fever

Corticosteroid

reduce inflammation but suppresses the immune system

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory (NSAID)

reduce inflammation, pain, and fever

Opioid/Narcotic Analgesic

Relieve moderate to severe pain

Alkylating Agents

direct damage to DNA to prevent the cancer cell from reproducing

Antimetabolites

Interfere with DNA and RNA through substitution of the building blocks

Antitumor Antibiotics

Interfere with enzymes involved in DNA replication

Differentiating Agents

Force cancer cells to mature into normal cells

Immunotherapy

Stimulate the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells

Mitotic Inhibitors

stop mitosis or inhibit enzymes from making proteins needed for cell reproduction

Targeted Therapies

attack specific cancer cells

Cells

Structural units forming all body tissues

Tissue

Group of similar cells performing a specific function

Epithelial tissue

Forms the epidermis and surface layer of membranes

Connective tissue

Composed of cells supporting body tissues, protecting organs, storing energy, and serving as a transport system

Nervous tissue

Composed of neurons transmitting nerve impulses via neurotransmitters

Muscle tissue

Composed of contractile fibers

Organs

Structures with two or more tissue types performing specialized functions

Anatomical position

Patient upright, arms at sides, palms forward, legs straight, toes forward

Axial portion

Includes head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular portion

Includes arms and legs

Midsagittal line

Imaginary line dividing body into equal right and left halves

Body planes

Imaginary slices dividing body vertically or horizontally

Sagittal plane

Divides body into right and left segments

Frontal plane

Divides body into front and back portions

Transverse plane

Divides body into upper and lower segments

Anterior

Toward or near the front; ventral

Posterior

Toward or near the back; dorsal

Base

Lower or supporting part of any structure

Apex

Pointed tip of a conical structure

Bilateral

Both sides

Unilateral

One side

Contralateral

Opposite side

Ipsilateral

Same side

Deep

Farther into the body

Superficial

Nearer to the body surface