TAMU HIST 226 Final

Great Depression

Stock market crashed in 1929. Multiple causes: Bust in Florida land boom, buying stock on credit, the effects on WW1 on European economy. Agriculture and mining industries were depressed.

US factories closed and millions were unemployed.

Herbert Hoover's efforts were too small.

Hot oil and cotton crises

Herbert Hoover

President at the start of the Great Depression. Main idea was to help banks and some industries with loans through Reconstruction Finance Corporation. Trickle down theory economics. Volunteerism was not enough to fix the problem.

Hoovervilles=poor neighborhoods

Jesse Jones

Texan head of the RFC. Businessman and leader from Houston.

RFC

Federal Reconstruction Cooperation. Government gave money to banks and industries to keep jobs going.

Volunteerism

get everyone involved

FDR

Rally cry: " The only thing to fear is fear itself" Pragmatic politician: try something, if it works keep it; if it doesn't, try something else. Wife was very influential in political matters. President during Great Depression and WW2 and longest lasting President. Created the New Deal.

Attempted to change membership of the Supreme Court when they declared the New Deal unconstitutional. Wanted to pack the court with democrats to approve New Deal.

The New Deal

Created by FDR.

Consisted of laws that are categorized as relief, recovery and reform measures

Relief: wanted to put people to work instead of welfare. (NYA)

Recovery: needed to get different industries on their feet- economic recovery (AAA, NRA)

Reform: Reform measures were put in place

AAA

Agricultural Adjustment Act; crop subsidies

CWA and PWA

Work relief programs

CCC

The Commodity Credit Corporation is a wholly owned United States government corporation created in 1933 to "stabilize, support, and protect farm income and prices"

NYA

National Youth Administration; helped put college students to work. Lyndon B Johnson is the leader in Texas.

Sam Rayburn

Speaker of the House in Texas during the Era of Reform

Texas and Social Security for the elderly

Audie Murphy

-war hero--At the time of his death Murphy was the most decorated combat soldier of World War II

-Hollywood actor

- songwriter

Global Settlement of 1942

-Opened US/MX border to trade and commerce and migration of people to make guest worker program

-Guest worker program called the bracero program was created as a wartime emergency agreement to provide Mexican workers to agriculture and the railroads

-Mexican economy booms. It provides minerals, metals, oil, bracero workers

- Mexican men also volunteered to be serviceman

braceros

men that the Mexicans sent to work during the Global Settlement of 1942

Texans in WW2

Texans provided more men to military services proportionately than any other state. Texas was a leading producer of food and fiber for the war effort.

Because of the war Texas became urban and industrial

Naval and air bases in Texas contributed significantly to the war effort

The Post War era from Conservatism to Liberalism

Taft Harly Act of 1948

Right to work law--you do not have to join a union if there is one at your place of work. TX adopts the same law.

Unions in Texas

Unions do very well because there is so much work and war effort cannot be disturbed. Creation of the FEPC helps the industrial workers. Unions in Texas generally were not effective.

Gilmer-Aiken laws 1949

-In 1947 the Fiftieth Texas Legislature established a committee to study educational reform, in the wake of a legislative deadlock over the passage of a minimum-salary law for Texas public school teachers.

-The committee's work culminated in proposals to make Texas public schools more efficient and better funded in order to provide better educational opportunities for Texas children.

Heman Sweatt

admitted to the UT law school in 1949 (black) Involved in an important court case-- wanted law school to let black students to study in the same building as everyone else.

GI bill

Veterans go to school get some training and then come back. Dr Garcia--medical doctor that organized forum.

-Helps veterans and families receive benefits when service people return from war

-Advocates for MX-Amer community

-Johnson appoints Garcia as ambassador to UN

Alan Shivers 1949-57

Controversial Texas Governor; Organized segregation committees to prevent integration.

Insurance scandals

Worst drought in Texas history

Rise of segregation in public school education

-Rampant discrimination, including segregation in three separate schools in some towns and cities of Texas. -Change came very slowly -Locals fought to maintain separated school districts

Henry B. Gonzalez of San Antonio

-maverick U.S. representative; Democratic congressman, civil rights crusader

-became the first Mexican American elected to the San Antonio City Council, serving as mayor pro-tempore for part of his first term. On the council he became known for speaking out against segregation of public facilities

The Texas Observer

liberal newspaper

LULAC 1929

called themselves "Latin American"

-asserted first class citizenship

-composed of businessmen, doctors, lawyers, middle-class

-Gave support to lawyers in Hernandez case

-Succeeded in bringing an end to separate schools

Delgado vs Bastrop 1948

federal court says that Texas- can't legally segregate Mexican American students

Hernandez vs Texas 1954

-Argues they are a "class apart" want to be treated equally as a citizen

-test case --Hernandez is guilty but.. argued for a trial by peers (5th Amendment)

Lose several trials but appeal eventually to the supreme court.

MX- Americans entitled to Due Process (14th Amendment)

NAACP

-National organization for the advancement of colored people

- By organizing and financing landmark civil-rights lawsuits, the NAACP in Texas became an important component of the national organization.

Brown v. Board of Education 1954

-not willing to accommodate minorities

-was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.

Interstate highways

Established during Eisenhower's presidency

Urbanization

-Developed by Eisenhower

-Creates Urban Slums --whites go to the suburbs

Price Daniel

-Problems over taxes

-opposed sales tax --2% sales tax

John Connally 1963-69

-important moderate governor

-moderate democratic politician

-started moving the state forward

-wounded when JFK shot

-first republican senator from TX since reconstruction

-Vietnam

-Civil Rights movement

Preston Smith

Made Texas Tech big

-Chicanno Movement

-Sharpstown scandal

-Watergate

Sen. Ralph Yarborough

- one of only five southern senators to vote for the Civil Rights Act of 1957

-He sponsored or cosponsored the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965), the Higher Education Act (1965) the Bilingual Education Act (1967), and the updated GI Bill of 1966

Sen Lloyd M Bentsen

In 1952-55 he had courtroom difficulties in Texas and Washington, D.C., over land sales.Bentsen gradually moved out of Valley land development and invested $7 million in organizing an insurance and financial holding company in Houston.

Baker v. Carr

was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that retreated from the Court's political question doctrine, deciding that redistricting (attempts to change the way voting districts are delineated) issues present justiciable questions, thus enabling federal courts to intervene in and to decide redistricting cases. The defendants unsuccessfully argued that redistricting of legislative districts is a "political question", and hence not a question that may be resolved by federal courts.

Barbara Jordan

-A lawyer from Houston, redistricting allows her to be the 1st black woman from America South elected to serve in Congress

-Well-known to the American public because she served in the committee that investigated Watergate

-became a professor at UT

The Turbulent 1960s and early 1970s

many social movements

-Women's movement develops

-Growth of black civil rights movement (MLK)

-Free Speech in Universities

-Mexican-American revolution

-Chicanno movement

Modern Civil Rights Movement

Very important to History of country--plays out in Texas but not to the same extent.

--parallel in Texas=Chicano movement

1955--Montgomery = rally with Martin Luther King Jr.

Mexican American Civil Rights movement

wanted integration--fair treatment, equal rights, opportunity to get educated

Chicano Movement

-composed of youth, faculty, unions and others. They were angry and frustrated with the slow progress that they community had made.

-separated itself from American culture and society because what parents had achieved was not enough and because the dominant Anglos because the dominant society did not accept them

-short in duration but significant impact in TX and SW to this day

Jose Angel Gutierrez

-Student at St. Mary's University

-famous for founding the MAYO group

-wrote pamphlets "how to kill gringos"

-rival Corky Gonzales --made la raza party together

MECHA

college and university student organization during the Chicano movement

La Raza Unida party

-created by Gutierrez and Gonzales. -Party against discrimination against Mexican American people.

-Party did not win state wide--only locally

Transition from activism to community/advocacy projects

Working out of the system did not get them far enough so after that they settled down and made some official organizations --Southwest voter registration

MALDEF

Founded in '67 from Ford foundation; group of lawyers, take on big national cases, advocacy dealing with voter and education rights

Southwest Voter Registration Project

was founded in San Antonio in 1974 by William C. Velásquez and a group of fellow Mexican-American political activists to ensure the voting rights of their people in the Southwest and thereby provide them "meaningful political participation," a prerogative that they had largely been denied before the mid-1960s.

Women Republican Clubs

An increasing number of women sought the right to vote in the 1890s. Rebecca Hayes of Galveston organized the Texas Equal Rights Association in 1893. Local clubs were formed, and members pressured political parties or lobbied the legislature for woman suffrage

John Tower

-First republican to represent Texas nationally

-Very popular in the Senate

William B. Clements

-First Republican Governor since reconstruction

-Conservative voters leave Democratic Party

-served two separate terms

-Brought Republicans into state government

-Abrasive

-Argued with legislature

1980s oil boom

-huge boom in the oil industry in Texas--followed shortly by a bust

Rise of the service industry

Computers

-From a decline

Public Law 72

Ross Perot--leader

The No Pass No Play rule stipulates that Texas public school students who participate in extracurricular activities must achieve a passing grade each six-week grading period in order to qualify to continue participating in extracurricular activities.

Mark White

Conservative Democrat

Became more progressive in office

-Heath care for poor

-Seatbelt law

-unemployment insurance for farmers

-insurance for retired teachers

-nursing home standards

-education reforms

-Public Law 72--no pass no play

PUF

Permanent University Fund

-Texas has two university systems --A&M and UT

-Government gives money to these schools

higher education issues: Come and go depending on governor --Abbott said he would give money to universities

Ann Richards

"The New Texas"

-Set aside programs

-Rose to national stardom and then fizzled

-Brought in new young people

-"Robin Hood Bill"

-reformed prisons

Lena Guerrero

-appointed by Ann Richards to state legislature

-on railroad commission

-had to withdrawl because she was not a UT grad

Set-Aside Program

k-12 Education

-controlled through local school board

-many different education reforms and anti segregation laws

-always the first program to receive budget cuts

Robin Hood Plan

-under Ann Richards

- Similar to the legend of Robin Hood, who "robbed from the rich and gave to the poor", the law "recaptured" property tax revenue from property-wealthy school districts and distributed those in property-poor districts, in an effort to equalize the financing of all districts throughout Texas.

Prisons in Texas

-We spent a lot of money on reforming our prisons under Ann Richards

-spend a lot of money building more prisons

-Texas has the largest population of prisoners

-Texas has capital punishment laws

George W Bush

-Governor under Clinton

-Republicans won every state race in 98

-Economic boom in 98 ensures his reelection

Rick Perry

-Governor under George W Bush

-ran under education improvements

-Texas 92% urban

-politicized government --appointed you because you were a political supporter

Funds for Cancer Research

-controversy; grants were given out without peer review

Assistance to Lure Businesses to Texas

Standards in social studies education

SBOE

-our books in history and government are written to what SBOE want--politicizes history and education

Immigration Issues

Tea party - Sen Ted Cruz

is an American political movement known for its conservative positions and its role in the Republican Party. Members of the movement have called for a reduction of the U.S. national debt and federal budget deficit by reducing government spending. In addition, they have also called for lowering taxes.

-Ted Cruz senator from TX--part of this party