OCR GCSE History - Impact of Empire

England

use for the period from circa 1000 to 1707 when England was a separate Kingdom

although after 1603 it was ruled together with Scotland by one monarch

Great Britain

used for period 1707 to 1800 after the active Union that officially brought England and Scotland together as one Kingdom

UK

used for period 1800 onwards after second act of union which included Ireland

Britain

used when referring to the whole period used if we mean the whole geographical island that includes England Scotland and Wales

late Stuart monarchy family tree

james I

first Stuart King was James I

ruled 1603 to 1625

he was also James the VI of Scotland

he was Protestant

almost blown up in Gunpowder Plot

James was Protestant so plotters were Catholic and they were concerned about the treatment of Catholics and joining of England and Scotland

Charles I

he was the son of James I

ruled from 1625 to 1649

married Henrietta Maria of France who was Catholic

had three children: Charles II, James II and Mary

he was executed in the English Civil War

charles II

was the son of Charles

was the first first king after England restored monarchy after the 10 years of being ruled by Oliver Cromwell

he ruled from 1660 to 1685

reigned during the Restoration

James the second

brother of Charles II

was catholic

ruled from 1685 to 1688

married Anne Hyde

had three children Mary II, Anne and another son

Mary II

was James's daughter and joint ruled with her husband William III of Orange from 1689 to 1694 until her death

was Protestant

Anne

last Stuart monarch of England

lived in Kensington Palace and was Queen after William and Mary

was Queen from 1703 to 1714

married George of Denmark

when was the Glorious Revolution

1688

what happened in the 1600s that built up to this 1688 Glorious Revolution

1603 Elizabeth dies without an heir

there's tension between Catholics and Protestants as Henry the 8th had split from the Catholic Church

what happened in the 1640s

tensions between Parliament who were Protestant and Charles the first which results in the civil war

when was the Civil War/the War of the three Nations

1642 to 51

what happens following the Civil War

the Parliament win

Charles the first is executed

and a republic is set up under Cromwell as Lord Protector

what happens following Cromwell's death

his son attempts to rule

it fails and the monarchy is restored to Charles the second

why do tensions rise again

Charles II supported Catholic right to worship and Catholic France`

why does James II, his brother, become king after charles II

he had no legitimate kids so his brother became king

what was James like

he was outwardly Catholic

what was james' deal w the Parliament

that he would raise both of his daughter's Protestant

what chnaged in 168

he had a son with his second wife Mary of Moderna and Parliament are worried

so then what happens in 1688

Parliament, which were a group of prominent Nobles, got in touch with William of Orange from Holland

he was the husband of Mary

asked them to join rule England as Protestant monarchs

succession of events after James becomes king

James becomes king 1685

Monmouth's Rebellion

judge Jeffries

many JPs sacked

James suspends anti Catholic law

James gets a son

William of Orange lands

James runs away to France

why was James very popular when he became king in 1685

the Catholics were happy because he was a Catholic King

and people were glad that everything was settled without another war

who was the Duke of Monmouth

he was a Protestant and an illegitimate son of Charles II raised an army in the West

how much support did he get

not a lot

is soldiers were mainly peasants with pitchforks and skies rather than muskets and Cannons

when was Monmouth defeated

add a Battle of Sedgemoor

he was captured tried and executed

most people thought that it was fair

what was Judge Jeffries used for

sent by King James

he was one of James' strongest supporters

he tried the Rebels

over 500 were executed and a further 800 were sold as slaves for 10 years to plantations in the West Indies

when did Henry II of England invade Ireland

1169

but the English only control 'the Pale'

what happens to the pale by the Middle Ages

it grows smaller and English control got weaker

island of ireland 1450

most of Ireland ruled by native Irish

some controlled and ruled by English (anglo-Irish) control

Anglo Irish were English families who had lived in Ireland for generations

only a tiny part was The Pale

poeple beyond the pale; opinions

they were stereotyped as wild Savage and uneducated

Ireland in late 16th and early 17th century

most of Ireland is now English plantations

Ireland ruled by a lord deputy

there is an Irish parliament

who could vote

only the wealthy (Protestants) had a vote in Parliament

the Irish parliament

majority what Protestant well Ireland was mainly Catholic

that created an inequality

but it was still generally governed by Anglo-Irish or people of Scottish origin

when was the War of the three Kingdoms

1640s

it was often called the English Civil War

what are plantations

where people are 'planted'

who did the catholic majority in Ireland support

Charles I against wig Parliament

tehy supported the royalists

who was Cromwell

he was an audit puritan which is a very devout Protestant

he was an army general

he becomes the new ruler in his Commonwealth

why does Cromwell's puritanism cause further imbalance

Cromwell was intolerant of Catholics and Ireland was majority Catholic

this leads to Irish uprisings

land confiscated and given to Protestants

further unrest, and the planters become influential

land was taken from Irish and given to who

given by the Crown to Protestant farmers

however majority of Irish in this period were Catholic

they lost their land

the English viewed as good corn and the Irish as weeds

there was a really deep end dangerous class divide

xwhat did James II bring to Christians

he brought religious freedom to all Christians

promised to give the Irish parliament more power

made an Irish Catholic Lord deputy

and increased number of Catholics in the army

was James popular in Ireland

pretty popular as he was Catholic too

what happens in the mid 16th century

England and Scotland become Protestant separately

who supported James II

French King Louis XIV

the Swiss

most Irish Catholics

Tyroconnel, who was the lord deputy of Ireland, formed a jacobite army

the Germans

the Scottish as the Stuarts were Scottish

how many soldiers did James have

around 23,500

who supported William

the French huguenots

the English

Irish protestants

the Dutch

the Danish

the German

the Scottish because the Stuarts were Scottish

the Italian

how many soldiers did William have

around 36,000

timeline of key events

when does James arrive in Ireland

1689 March

he arrived an island with 60,000 French troops because he has a lot of support there from Catholic Irish

he passed a Law in Dublin giving confiscated land back to former Catholic owners

he declared that the English parliament had no right to make laws governing Ireland

that got him a few more supporters

when do jacobite forces sweep the North

1689 April

jacobite forces led by the Earl of tyrconnell swept north taking land from Protestant plantation owners and surrounded Protestants in Derry

William sent warships and troops

initially the war was going very well for the Jacobites

when do Williams ships break the Siege

1689 28th July

Williams ships break the Siege and free the inhabitants of Derry they take back Derry from the Jacobites

more than 5,500 men killed

when does disease strike

1689 winter

disease struck and killed one-third of Williams army when they landed near Belfast

when was the battle of the Boyne

1690 1st of July

after a confused encounter James left ireland as he lost heart and many soldiers deserted

the Jacobites retreated

William entered Dublin in Triumph

war still carried on for another year and a half

when was the Battle of aughrim

1691 12th of July

7,000 men killed on both sides

William was the Victor after a decisive battle

Irish historians call these three years the Shipwreck

when was the Treaty of Limerick and what did it Mark

1691 3rd of October

it marks the end of the war

what will the consequences of the war; the Treaty of Limerick

Irishman who fought for James could either:

- join Williams army

- return home or

- continue following James in the French army (which would mean leaving Island forever)

how many soldiers left for France

14,000

nicknamed the flight of the Wild Geese

what did William think the Treaty of Limerick would prevent

he thought it would prevent Catholic guerilla fighting

many Protestants thought the king was too nice to The Losers but the truth is William didn't stick to the promises in the Treaty always.

Jacobean landowners could keep their land if ...

allegiance was sworn to William and Mary

may prtestants thought what about this treatment?

many Protestants thought the king was too nice to The Losers but the truth is William didn't stick to the promises in the Treaty always.

what was the effect of the war on Irish Catholics

- they lost their army, Land and political power

- they would now be excluded from government for nearly 200 years

- island is now a British colony

British colony of Ireland; British power after the war

British now have total Power

Irish parliament is entirely Protestant and the winners beg to punish The Losers

Catholics lost land, religious freedoms and political power

the penal laws

Laws that suppressed the status of Catholics in Ireland

state the penal laws

- Catholics could neither teach their children no send them abroad

- persons of property could not enter into mixed marriages ( mixed meaning Catholic and Protestant)

- Catholic property was inherited equally amongst the Sons unless one was a Protestant, in which case he received it all

- a Catholic could not inherit property if there was any Protestant heir

- a Catholic could not possess Arms or a horse worth more than five pounds

- Catholics could not hold leases for more than 31 years and they could not make a profit greater than a third of their rent

- the hierarchy of the Catholic church was banished or suppressed

- Catholics could not hold seats in the Irish parliament (after 1692), hold public office, vote (after 1727), or practice law

- cases against Catholics were tried without juries and bounties were given to Informers against them

how did the penal laws affect Ireland

- generations of people were left behind, not educated properly, holding back a whole group of people

- owning property gave many opportunities and having one large property intact was more beneficial as it retained the property; therefore giving all of your property to one Protestant son would have been more beneficial than spreading it out between all of your Catholics sons

- the catholic's couldnt defend themselves

- the bans on leases and restrictions stop them from getting enough money to influence things

- the fact that they can hold seats in Parliament meant they weren't able to advocate for and fight for their rights; esp since trade, property and Influence was the only way at the time to be successful

- it created a surveillance Society which was hostile and toxic

who were the ascendancy

they were the wealthy Protestant class that ruled Island under the English

what did the ascendancy believe

that it was their god given right to rule

were they all wealthy

no

some Rose from poverty

eg William Connolly, who was the son of a blacksmith, became Speaker of the House of Commons of the Irish parliament

what were the divides amongst protestants

- ascendancy class belong to the Church of Ireland which was an offshoot of the Church of England

- however most Scottish settlers were presbyterians which was a Protestant group that broke from the Church of England

what was the difference between the Church of Ireland and the presbyterians

the presbyterians rejected ideas of Bishops and a monarch as head of the church

what did the presbyterians suffer from

suffered from laws discriminating against them

why were there tensions and between what

tensions between;

- the division of faith (Protestant vs Catholic)

- and the division of class (Protestant ascendancy versus the Catholic and Protestant Poor)

what did the protestant ascendancy see their relationship with England as

one of brothers or sisters

they thought that they were equal parallel Kingdoms

but the view from London was different

view of Ireland from London

Ireland was clearly a colony

the metaphor used was that England was the parent and Ireland the child

Ireland was there to benefit England

what the did London expect in return for their protection

they expected Irish Protestants to accept second class citizens status

what were the three parent impositions on the child of Ireland

the English woollen act

the declaratory act

the right to manufacture Irish half pennies in England

when was the English woolen act and what was it

1699

it became a legal for the Irish to export woolen cloth beyond the British Isles

wool was one of their biggest exports

so banning it controlled their trade so they can't increase their own wealth

it also eliminated them as competition to the Brits

when was the declaratory act and what was it

1720

the British Parliament had the right to make laws for Ireland in all cases whatsoever

the Irish House of Lords no longer had the right to be a final court of Appeal

so the ascendancy are being cut out

the final court is now in Westminster; again the Irish aristocracy are supplanted

when did the British government give the right to manufacture Irish coins to England and what was it

1722 to 1725

the British government gave the right to manufacture Irish half pennies to an English entrepreneur

not an Irish person

his name was William Wood

how did land use change in ireland

- change from wooded land (forests) for cattle as they were easier than grain to move

- new crop of potato was brought over from the USA; it grew well, decreased mortality and was a good staple by the 1700s - - very little manufacturing in Ireland

- Huguenot refugees

who were the Highlands Scots

- Gaelic speaking people with their own culture and traditions - - they lived in family Communities called Clans in the harsh conditions of the northern mountains

- they had a strong warrior tradition

- they believed their way of life was under threat

- Feared and looked down on by lowlanders

who did the Highland Scots support

James

who were the Lowlands Scots

they spoke English

dominated the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh

they were more anglicized

more of an affinity to England than the Highlands Scots

who did the lowland Scots support

William

why did so many Highland Scott support James II (the Jacobites)

- they believed James II was the rightful king of Scotland (according to ancient traditions)

- hatred and fear of lowlanders

- conditions of poverty and frequent hunger

- mistrust of the contradictory government politicians; sometimes threatening and sometimes bribing

- resentment of the Campbells who were a powerful clan that was close to William

qho was archibald campbell

Archibald Campbell was Williams military commander and chief advisor

impact of William of Orange coming to the throne

- 1688, James forced to give up the throne of England to William of Orange

- Scottish people are divided as Scotland was a separate country with its own Parliament but ruled by the same King

- both James and William wrote to the Scottish Parliament to ask for their support

reasons for Scots to support James

- he was from the ancient Scottish Stuart royal family

- he was legally King in Scotland according to Scottish law

- Scottish and the Scottish Parliament had not been consulted about the English parliament's invitation to William of orange and Mary

reasons for Scots to support William

- he was Protestant like most Scots

- James vii's increasing religious tolerance and granting a rights to Catholics had been on popular with many Scots

- he was joint rolling with Mary who was james' daughter and therefore a descendant of the Scottish Stuart royal family

what was the claim of right

- in 1689 the Scottish Parliament backed William in the claim of right

- it officially blamed James for the conflicts and stated that no Catholic could ever be King of Scotland again

what was the Battle of Killicrankie

- happened in July 1689

- the Jacobites Rose up in anger at the claim

- the government troops fought them in this battle

- the Jacobites won the Battle of k, but their leader and a third of their army was killed

what was the Battle of dunkeld

- after battle of K, one month later their rebellion collapsed at the Battle of Dunkeld

what happens after the battle of dunkeld; what does William do

William organises a military occupation of the Highlands centered on Fort William

what does William announce in 1691

- he announces that the Clans who supported James would be pardoned if they came to swear allegiance to him before the first of January 1692

- clan Chiefs would have to swear an oath in the presence of a magistrate

what happened with the chief of glencoe

- his name was Alasdair Mac Iain

- he arrived just in time on the 31st of December but was told he would have to make a journey of more than 100km to Inveraray

- he arrived there and took the oath on the second of January - - he was a day late but was promised his people were safe

however...

they were not safe

the king in London and his representatives (Campbell) wanted to make an example of one of the Highland Clans

Mac Iain's delayed signature to the oath gave them their excuse

what was the Massacre of glencoe

- nicknamed murder by Trust

- took place on the 13th of February 1692

- 38 men women and children were killed by government troops

- 40 more died of exposure after their homes were burnt

- two government soldiers actually broke their swords and refuse to carry out the murder

consequences of massacre

- The Killers had accepted their victims hospitality before committing the crime

- the Scottish Parliament Condemned the action and the London Government tried to cover up who was responsible

- William was forced to make an enquiry but no one was ever punished