I. ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS [FATTY ACIDS] AND [BENZOIC ACIDS]

tinea, or ringworm

dermatophytoses are called

sebum

Adults have an acidic, fatty substance in and on the skin called

Sebum

functions as a natural antifungal agent, part of the innate immune system.

The higher–molecular-weight fatty acids have

the advantage of having lower volatility

Salts of fatty acids are also

fungicidal and provide nonvolatile forms for topical application

Propionic acid

is an antifungal agent that is nonirritating and nontoxic. After application, it is present in perspiration in low concentration (0.01%).

Zinc propionate

is used as a fungicide, particularly on adhesive tape.

Sodium caprylate

is prepared from caprylic acid, which is a component of coconut and palm oils.

Sodium caprylate

is used topically to treat superficial dermatomycoses caused by C. albicans and Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton spp.

solution, powder, and ointment forms.

The sodium salt can be purchased in

Zinc caprylate

The compound is used as a topical fungicide

Undecylenic acid/ 10-Undecenoic acid (Desenex, Cruex)

obtained from the destructive distillation of castor oil.

Undecylenic acid

is one of the better fatty acids for use as a fungicide, although cure rates are low. It can be used in concentrations up to 10% in solutions, ointments, powders, and emulsions for topical administration.

Triacetin (Glyceryl triacetate)

is a result of the acetic acid released by hydrolysis of the compound by esterases present in the skin.

Triacetin (Glyceryl triacetate)

Acid release is a self-limiting process because the esterases are inhibited below pH 4.

Salicylic Acid and Resorcinol

\- m-Hydroxyphenol (resorcinolis used externally in ointments and solutions for its antifungal and keratolytic properties.

\-is a poor antifungal agent.

m-Hydroxyphenol (resorcinol)

possesses antiseptic and keratolytic activity

Benzoic Acid

possesses appreciable antifungal effects, but it cannot penetrate the outer layer of the skin in infected areas.

\

Benzoic Acid

used as an antifungal agent must be admixed with a keratolytic agent.

An old preparation that is still in use is Whitfield’s Ointment, USP.

This ointment contains benzoic acid, 6%, and salicylic acid, 6%, in a petrolatum base. The cure rates from preparations like these are low.

phenols and their derivatives

possess topical antifungal properties

hexylresorcinols and parachlorometaxylenol

used for the treatment of tinea infections.

Two phenolic compounds

clioquinol and haloprogin

ciclopirox olamine (A third agent)

is not a phenol but has properties like those of phenols.

Haloprogin

used as a 1% cream for the treatment of superficial tinea infect

Haloprogin

Although the cure rates for topical fungal infections are relatively high, they come at a high price. The lesion typically worsens before it improves. Inflammation and painful irritation are common.

Clioquinol (Vioform)

* Trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis

A 3% ointment or cream has been used vaginally as a treatment for __________________

Clioquinol (Vioform)

The best use for Vioform is in the topical treatment of fungal infections such as athlete’s foot and jock itch

hydrocortisone (Vioform HC)

A combination with__________is also available.

Ciclopirox Olamine

is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent intended only for topical use.

Ciclopirox Olamine

It is active against dermatophytes as well as pathogenic yeasts (C. albicans) that are causative agents for superficial fungal infections.

cutaneous candidiasis, tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, and tinea versicolor

Ciclopirox is considered an agent of choice in the treatment of?

Ciclopirox Olamine

It is a second-line agent for the treatment of onychomycosis (ringworm of the nails).

Loprox

is formulated as a cream and a lotion, each containing 1% of the water-soluble ethanolamine salt.

Ciclopirox

is believed to act on cell membranes of susceptible fungi at low concentrations to block the transport of amino acids into the cells.

Undecylenic acid

Triacetin

Salicylic acid

Haloprogin

Clioquinol

Ciclopirox olamine