Lesson 118 & 119 - Malnutrition

What is cachexia?

loss of muscle mass associated with disease

What is sarcopenia?

loss of muscle mass associated with aging in the absence of disease

What is dysrexia?

altered food intake

What is hyporexia?

decreased food intake

What is anorexia?

no food intake

What is digestibility?

the proportion of a nutrient that is digested and absorbed from the diet

What is bioavailability?

proportion of a nutrient that is absorbed from the diet and used for body functions

What is complete diet?

essential nutrients are present in the diet

What is balanced diet?

essential nutrients are in the correct proportions in the diet

What are the 3 simple steps to evaluate your pets body condition?

evaluate ribs, waist, abdomen

What are the anatomical locations for beef cattle BCS?

pins, hooks, tail head, short ribs, ribs

What are the pins?

tuber ischii

What are the hooks?

tuber coxae

What are the anatomical locations for equine BCS?

behind the shoulder, ribs, tail head, loin/croup, withers, neck crest

What are the anatomical locations for caprine BCS?

spinous and transverse process

What is body condition score?

quantitative, yet subjective standardized scoring system which measures the depth/amount of fat

What is a good reproductive performance indicator?

BCS

What is the scoring system for dairy cattle?

1-5

What is the scoring system for beef cattle?

1-9

What is the scoring system for sheep & goats?

1-5

What is the scoring system for horses?

1-9

What is the scoring system for dogs and cats?

1-5 or 1-9

What is healthy animal BCS for the 5 scale?

2.5-3.5

What is healthy animal BCS for the 9 scale?

4-5

What is malnutrition?

inadequate intake of any of the required nutrients

What can cause malnutrition?

insufficient nutrient quantity, poor diet quality, acute/chronic illness

What is BCS 1/9?

severely underweight, ribs and bones visible, severe abdominal tuck, minimal fat, obvious loss of muscle mass

What is BCS 2/9?

thin, ribs and bones easily palpable, pronounced abdominal tuck, slight covering of fat over spine and ribs, minimal loss of muscle mass

What is BCS 3/9?

lean, ribs easily palpable, small amount of fat over spine and ribs

What are signs of malnutrition?

skin problems, weight loss, poor coat, dental problems, lethargy, digestive issues, growth delays, behavior changes, immune system dysfunction, weakness and muscle wasting

How does malnutrition affect metabolism?

slows down, muscle wasting, weight loss, reduced fat reserves

How does malnutrition affect hormones?

they become imbalanced and there is reduced fertility and conception rates

How does malnutrition affect immune function?

reduced immune function which delays wound healing and recovery from illness, increased risk of infections and diseases

How does malnutrition affect growth?

stunted growth especially in young animals with skeletal deformities and delayed maturation and puberty

How does malnutrition affect healing?

delays healing with decreased cell regeneration and reduced tissue repair causing chronic conditions or infections

How does malnutrition impact reproductive health?

infertility or reduced fertility, silent heats, low conception rates, small litters

How does malnutrition affect pregnancy?

causes complications like abortion, dystocia, stillbirths

How does malnutrition affect lactating animals?

poor lactation, less milk, low quality colostrum

How does malnutrition affect male reproductive health?

reduced libido, less active, less interested in mating, lower sperm quality, fewer less motile sperm, delayed testicular development

How does malnutrition specifically the macronutrients affect cardiac function?

protein and energy deficiency weakens heart contractions

How does malnutrition specifically the micronutrients affect cardiac function?

mineral deficiencies reduce blood pressure

How does malnutrition affect brain and nervous system?

energy and vitamin B deficiencies impairs nerve signaling and cognitive function

How does malnutrition affect respiratory system?

protein or iron deficiency can reduce the oxygen-carrying capacity and weaken immune system can cause disease

How does malnutrition affect liver?

high fat metabolism can case fatty liver syndromes, starvation reduced liver glycogen, vitamin and mineral deficiencies impair liver function

How does malnutrition affect GI?

overfeeding with grains causing acidosis in ruminants, zinc and vitamin A deficiencies can cause diarrhea

How does malnutrition affect bones and muscle?

Ca, P, vitamin D deficiencies causing weak, brittle bones, delayed growth, lameness

How does malnutrition affect the kidneys?

dehydration and electrolyte imbalances can impair renal filtration

How does malnutrition affect skin and muscle?

poor coat condition and muscle wasting

What deficiencies can cause diarrhea?

zinc and vitamin A

What deficiencies impact bones and muscles?

calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D

What deficiencies impact lungs?

protein and iron

What deficiencies impact liver?

selenium and copper

What deficiencies impact heart contractions?

protein and energy

What deficiencies impact blood pressure?

phosphorus, calcium, magnesium

What deficiencies impact brain and nervous system?

energy and vitamin B

What is overfeeding?

consuming more food/calories than the body needs

What does overfeeding lead to?

weight gain and health complications

What do you need to take into consideration when choosing feed portions?

breed, age, activity level, individual needs

What is overweight on 5 scale?

>3

What is overweight on 9 scale?

>5

What is obese on 5 scale?

>4

What is obese on 9 scale?

>7

What is BCS 6/9?

overweight, ribs palpable with slight fat covering, losing abdominal tuck

What is BCS 7/9?

overweight/obese, difficulty palpating ribs with moderate fat covering, abdominal tuck absent

What is BCS 8/9?

obese, unable to palpate ribs, large amount of fat covering, fat deposits over lumbar/base of tail, absent waist

What is BCS 9/9?

obese, extensive fat coverings over entire body

What happens when a patient is 10% overweight?

life-span decreases by one-third

What does excess body weight do to the heart?

forces the heart to work hard to pump blood which causes hypertrophy and increases risk for heart failure

What happens to blood pressure with obesity?

hypertension

What is the biggest risk factor for obese cats?

diabetes

What are the stats with obese cats and diabetes?

obese cats are 4x more likely to develop diabetes than healthy weight cats

How is obesity associated with diabetes?

increased body weight can contribute to insulin resistance

How does obesity affect joint disease?

increased risk for joint damage, osteoarthritis and chronic pain, increased cartilage damage

How does obesity affect liver?

fatty liver disease can develop

How does obesity affect kidneys?

reduced kidney function and increase risk of disease due to strain

How does obesity affect the urinary tract?

feline urinary tract disease can occur

What are obesity complications in the clinic setting?

medication dosages, anesthesia dosages, fluid administration

What are non-controlled risk factors for obesity?

genetics/breed, age, neuter status

What are comorbidities of obesity?

limited activity, restricted diet, medications like steroids

What are controlled risk factors for obesity?

lifestyle/activity, food and feeding style, human animal bond

What are weight management options?

lower calories, increased fiber, caloric restriction and exercise is a must

How does obesity affect skin?

more prone to skin infections such as dermatitis

How does obesity affect respiratory?

more work for the lungs

What do you add to the target BCS for females expecting twins?

0.5

How much body weight needs to change in order to change 1 BCS?

10-12%

What is the BCS for maintenance?

1.5-2.0

What is the BCS for breeding?

2.0-2.5

What is the BCS for gestation?

2.0-2.5

What is the BCS for late gestation?

2.5-3.0

What is the BCS for early lactation?

3.0-3.5

What is the BCS for late lactation?

2.0-2.5

What are malnutritional issues with underfed ewes?

pregnancy toxemia, thin ewes, poor placental development, poor colostrum, high mortality, lower lactation

What are malnutritional problems with overfed ewes?

pregnancy toxemia, dystocia, uterine prolapse, reduced fertility, poor udder development, rumen acidosis

What type of BCS for beef cattle cause increased calving intercal and increased days to estrus?

BCS 1-4

What is the BCS that we want to maintain beef cattle in?

4-7