fine arts

Plato's Functions of Art

Aristotle's Functions of Art

3 types of monotheistic religions

Parts of the Mass Ordinary

2 cultures of Classical Period

Order of Historical Periods

Medieval Sub-Periods

3 rules for the Gothic

Types of criticism

Types of myths

Be able to list the achievements of the following people and link author to work. Alexander Baumgarten Plato, The Republic Aristotle, The Poetics Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto Jean-Jacques Rousseau, A Discourse on the Origins of Inequality St. Thomas Aquinas Abbot Suger Martin Luther, 95 Theses King Henry VIII

cells/tissues

microscopic anatomy

Jean-Baptiste de Champaigne

The Last Supper

•the belief in one God

•Judaism (Torah)

•Islam (Q'ran): practitioners are called Muslims

•Christianity (Bible): the Mass is a major focus

monotheism

Purposes of Art

•To delight

•To teach

To purge negative emotions ("catharsis")

The Poetics (rule book for Greek TRAGEDY)

Aristotle (384-322 BCE)

The Republic (philosophical book seeking to define a utopia)

Plato (428-347 BCE)

expressed in the practice of social and political institutions governed by behavior norms that support racist thinking

Institutional Racism

Formal criticism

look at the work in isolation. Approaches the art as an entity unto itself.

look at the work, in its historical position. Can include the artist's life, culture, social and political conditions, etc.

Contextual criticism

warhol

"Campbell's Soup Cans" (1962) Style: Pop art

Aesthetics

study of beauty

•Invented by Alexander Baumgarten (17th c.) as a way to define nature

Napoleon Crossing the Alps

Jacques-Louis David

art that is both useful and decorative. Frequently functional objects that have been decorated or creatively designed with both art and function in mind. Huge range of products and items fall into this category.

applied art

meant for mass consumption, typically consumed & forgotten (sitcoms, cartoons, comics books, ads, etc.) Often fun, creative, interesting, breaks the rules ("low" art)

popular art

aesthetic object or performance, appreciated for its unique qualities, usually beautiful and intellectually stimulating (traditional or "high" art)

fine art

Nationalism (:30)

pride in one's country

•Emotional responses

•Things that can not be put into words

•Awareness of the past

The Women of Avignon

Pablo Picasso

van gogh

Irises

intuitive/dionysian

right brain

logical/apollonian

left brain

Must meet criteria

•Value

•Novelty

•Intent

•Continuance

art

•Oxford English Dictionary: "expression or application of human creative skill and imagination.... Producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power"

•Text: one person's interpretation of reality manifested in a particular medium and shared with others (this does not speak to quality)

4 purposes of art

•Provide a record

•Relate feelings

•Reveal "Truth"

•Discover new interpretations of the World

4 functions of art

•Enjoyment

•Political & Social Commentary

•Therapy

•Artifact

conventions

a set of rules within a genre

verisimilitude

appearance of being real or true

sacred

connected with the worship of a god; serving a religious purpose

secular

of the world; activities or attitudes that have no religious basis

theme

dominant idea of a work of art; basic idea/emotion artist is trying to relate

convention

an accepted series of traditions or rules within a movement or artistic discipline

Style

the individual characteristics of a work of art that identify it with a particular artist, nationality, historical period, or school of artists.

Genre

a category of artistic composition, as in music or visual art, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter.

genre

Categories within an art form (labels)

Symbols

form, image, or thing representing something else (abstract or larger perhaps)

the way in which artists execute or perform their works

technique

Aristotle purpose of art

•To delight

•To teach

To purge negative emotions (“catharsis”)

Plato purpose of art

•art for art’s sake

•art that represents something

Mass Proper (changing parts of the ritual)

•Alleluia

•Dies Irae (from the “Requiem” or Funeral Mass)

Joseph Campbell: “The Hero’s Journey”

Examples include:

 - Moses from the Bible

 - Gilgamesh (Sumerian epic)

 - Beowulf (Old English poem)

 - Frodo (Lord of the Rings)

 - Peter Parker (Spiderman)

 - Luke Skywalker (Star Wars)

 - Harry Potter

 - Katniss Everdeen (The Hunger Games)

APOLLONIAN =

INTELLECTUAL

DIONYSIAN=

EMOTIONAL

apollo

•: god of light, music and dance, poetry, reason, harmony, balance, and prophesy

•

•Appears as the companion of the Muses (inspirational goddesses of literature, science, and the arts)

•

•Apollo eventually associated with the sun and his twin sister Artemis with the moon

•

•Associated with rational thinking and order

•

APOLLONIAN = INTELLECTUAL

Dionysus

•god of wine, revelry, dance, fertility, insanity, ecstatic emotion and tragedy.  His cult can be traced back to at least 1500 BCE.

•

•The Dionysia festivals in Athens were dedicated to Dionsysus: central events were theatrical performances of dramatic tragedies and comedies (after 487 BCE). 

•

•Once introduced to Rome, he also became known as Bacchus

•

•Associated with emotions, irrationality, and chaos

•

•DIONYSIAN = EMOTIONAL

eros

love of body (lust) – has always been a part of art

agape

•Love of soul (Platonic Love)

_______ is literally “Love Death” – often seen in Theater & Opera

Liebestod

________: free will exists

Libertarianism

Existentialism

free will with a personal accountability

________: free will does not exist

Determinism

Institutional Determinism: government

Rousseau, A Discourse on the Origins of Inequality (1754) (social contract)

Economic Determinism: money

Marx, A Communist Manifesto (1848)

Religious Determinism: god

Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica (1265-1274)

Nationalism and Tribalism

(us vs. them)

Cartoon by Dr. Seuss , published in PM Magazine, October 1, 1941

(Theodor Seuss Geisel)

In America - At This Restaurant Only One Person Is Served by Ukranian artist (1953)

Yuliy Ganf 

Ableist Narrative

sentimental, comforting stories where the person learns to live with disability, still goes forward regardless

the person with the disability dies

Kill Narrative

Cure Narrative

someone beats a disease, injury, or paralysis, overcomes the problem

Something that survives time and is still performed today

Classic

Of the world of Ancient Greece and Imperial Rome

Classical

(big c) refers to music composed in the Classical Era, primarily between 1750 – 1825 or so.

Classical Music

(little c) music performed in a concert hall.  An umbrella term that covers Western orchestral, instrumental, and choral music.

classical music

Historical Figures:

•Socrates (470-399 BCE) philosopher

•Plato (427-347 BCE) philosopher

•Aristotle (384-322 BCE) philosopher

•Alexander the Great - conqueror

•Julius Caesar

Medieval Period: (375-1350 C.E.)
The Middle Ages

•The Church is the dominant power in the West – fills the power vacuum left after the fall of Rome

•541 CE, Justinian plague kills about 25 million in the Mediterranean basin

•Most of the centers of learning are in monasteries amd courts.

•Average life span around 35

•Feudal System: government on the city level

•The Crusades (started in 1095)

St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274 CE)

Became one of the highest respected minds of his time

•Old Testament as a philosophy: focus on humility and the power of God

Abbot Suger (1081-1151 CE)

Gothic sub-period:
1140-1450 CE

•Christian monk and close friend of King Louis VI and VII of France

•New Testament in belief: focus on grace, beauty and freedom

•Three rules:

•Art should focus on beauty (defined by “harmony” – focus on details)

•Space symbolizes God’s mystery

•Light is the mystic revelation of God

•

•Architecture - exemplified by the Gothic cathedrals

•Music - primarily outgrowth of church and courtly pastimes

new philosophy focuses on individualism –
  rejects supernaturalism and stresses an individual’s
  dignity and worth and capacity for self-realization
  through reason

“Humanism”

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

•Wrote 95 Theses (1517): a private Latin letter to the Pope discussing problems with the Church, later a book in German

•People form the Lutheran Church with Luther as the head

Patronage system

patron (king, pope, etc) sponsors an artist (this is very important!!)

Counter-Reformation:

Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation

•Tries to make the church more appealing

•Spanish Inquisition starts 1478

•Council of Trent (1545-63)

•Music: rise of secular subjects, alongside sacred works

•Josquin des Prez,  Palestrina, Victoria, William Byrd, John Dowland

•Theater: England and Spain have a golden era, Commedia dell’arte in Italy

•William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe

•Visual Arts flourish, especially painting and architecture..  Revival of classical style and subjects

•Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Donatello, Botticelli, Titian

“Baroque” literally means

“a misshapen pearl.”

Systematic rationalism:

trying to explain the order of things through scientific (i.e. secular) means

•Less emphasis on logic and proportion

•More emphasis on EMOTION and drama

•Dionysian Appeal

•Important: the printing press becomes much more common

•Colonial America is getting established

•First piece of music printed 1600

•World maps becoming much more accurate

•

•1607: Establishment of Jamestown, VA

•1618-1648 - The Thirty Years War

•1692: Salem Witch Trials

The Baroque Period (1625-1750)

Bernini

the Angel With the Crown of  Thorns, 1668

Caravaggio

The Death of the Virgin, 1606

The Rococo Sub-Period in Art:
(1700-1750)

•Representations of aristocratic extravagances

•Lots of frivolity and hedonism

•Commentary on the decline of the nobility

•Artists beginning to politically separate themselves
  from their patrons

•Exceptional ornamentation in art, architecture,  music,
  and interior design

•The Philosophes:

•French thinkers who believed use of reason could lead to reforms in government, law, and society (included Voltaire & Rousseau)

•Era of rapidly changing scientific discovery and invention

•The Philosophes:

•French thinkers who believed use of reason could lead to reforms in government, law, and society (included Voltaire & Rousseau)

•Industrial Revolution begins in the 1780’s

•The Enlightenment: focus on the educated male regardless of class

•Social and political unrest: Noble class loses almost all its power (the age of revolution)

•American Revolution, 1775-1781

•French Revolution, 1789-1799

•Napoleonic Rule, 1799-1814

•1803: Louisiana Purchase

•American influence on the arts begins

Neo-Classical Period: 1750-1820

Romantic Period (~1820 -1900)

•U.S. Civil War (1861-1865)

•Germany and Italy become nations

•1818: Mary Shelley publishes Frankenstein

•(deep obsession with the supernatural across the arts)

•Paris is the artistic center of Europe

•Emotional appeal to everything which challenges the ideals of the Enlightenment

•Rise of nationalism – especially in art

•Celebration of local culture, folk tunes, folklore, dress, music, traditions

Romantic Artistic Characteristics

•Collapse of Patronage System

•Active revolt against balance and logic of Neo-Classical:

•Dionysian Appeal – time of high emotional appeal

•Individualism and subjectivity

•Every genre obsessed with love, death, imagination, and the supernatural, the exotic, and nature

•“The suffering artist”

•female artists

•Art supplies and instruments allow for more amateurs

•Visual Artists: Vincent Van Gogh, Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir

•Musicians: Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Liszt, Frederic Chopin, Piotr Tchaikovsky, Richard Wagner, Giuseppe Verdi, Giacomo Puccini

•Theater: Goethe, Oscar Wilde

Josef Danhauser

Franz Liszt Fantasizing at the Piano (1840)

•Invention of Film, Radio, and Telephones

•Impact of technology on every aspect of life

•Russian Revolution: 1917 - 1923

•World War I (“The Great War”): 1914 - 1918

•Great Depression: 1929 - 1939

•Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939

•World War II: 1939 - 1945

•The Cold War: 1947 – 1991

•The Vietnam War: 1955 - 1975

•

•Impact of War: “The emotional resonance of disillusionment”

•Apollonian and Dionysian Appeal

20^th century

•Not so much a period as an anti-period

•Challenges the most basic ideas of art

•Experimentation and innovation

•Age of “-isms”

•Technology becomes very important in art

•An appeal to the knowledgeable artist - art no longer intended for a general audience

•Visual Artists: Jackson Pollock, Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dali, Frida Kahlo, Henri Matisse, Claude Monet, Andy Warhol, Frank Lloyd Wright

•Musicians: Igor Stravinsky, Claude Debussy, Aaron Copland, Charles Ives, George Gershwin

•Theater: Arthur Miller

20^th Century Art

Kandinsky

Delicate Tension #85 (1923)

The Tree of Life #1 (1909)

Klimt

Swans Reflecting Elephants (1937)

Dali

White Light, (1954)

Pollock