Lesson 8 - Health promotion models

What is a Theory?

• Explains or predicts events, behaviors, or situations,

• Shows relationships between variables (like behavior, attitude, and environment),

• Is abstract in nature—it doesn't focus on specific content or examples,

• Becomes practical when applied to real-life goals and problems.

What is the purpose of theories in health promotion?

• They offer a systematic way to understand how and why people behave in certain ways regarding their health.

• Theories help in designing interventions, campaigns, and educational programs that are more effective and targeted.

• They guide planning, implementation, and evaluation of health promotion strategies.

What is a Model?

 It is a simplified framework or representation used to better understand a problem within a specific setting or context.

What is the difference between theory and model?

Unlike theories, which are often more abstract and explanatory, models are more practical and are used to apply theoretical knowledge in real-life health promotion efforts.

What is the importance of health promotion models?

1. Planning and Evaluation

2. Problem Analysis and Solution Mapping

3. Understanding Health Behavior Dynamics

4. Identifying Target Groups and Strategies

5. Answering Key Health Questions
   

What is the purpose of health promotion models?

• They describe the factors that influence health behavior.

• Show why individuals should engage in healthy behaviors and avoid harmful ones.

• Help in developing strategies to motivate people to adopt and maintain positive health habits.

What is the Environmental (Ecological) Model of Health Promotion?

It emphasizes that individual health is influenced not only by personal choices but also by the environmental conditions surrounding the individual. This model examines the multiple layers of influence on health, including physical, social, cultural, political, and institutional factors.

What is the Key Levels of Influence of the Environmental (Ecological) Model of Health Promotion?

1. Intrapersonal Factors

2. Interpersonal Factors

3. Institutional/Organizational Factors

4. Community Factors

5. Public Policy Factors
   

What are Intrapersonal Factors?

• Includes a person’s knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, values, and personality traits.
  

• Example: A person’s belief about healthy eating or their motivation to exercise.

What are interpersonal factors?

• Involves family, friends, and social networks that influence behavior.

• Example: Peer pressure, family support, or encouragement from friends.

What are Institutional/Organizational Factors?

• Includes policies, rules, and informal structures in schools, workplaces, and other institutions that can support or hinder healthy behaviors.
  

• Example: Availability of healthy food in schools or workplace wellness programs.
  

What is Community Factors?

• Refers to the relationships, norms, and values shared among people in a community.
  

• Example: Social expectations about body image or tobacco use.
  

What are Public Policy Factors?

• Involves national, regional, or local laws and policies that affect health behavior.

• Example: Laws on smoking in public places, taxes on sugary drinks, or mandatory physical education in schools.

What is Health Belief Model (HBM)?

It suggests that a person's health-related behavior can be predicted by their core health beliefs, which are formed and reinforced over time. It helps explain why people choose to take (or not take) certain health actions.

What are the Key Concepts in Health Belief Model?

• Perceived susceptibility: “I’m at high risk of getting lung cancer.”

• Perceived severity: “Lung cancer is a serious disease.”

• Perceived benefits: “Quitting smoking will save my health and money.”

• Perceived barriers: “Quitting smoking makes me irritable.”

• Cues to action: Triggers or reminders (e.g., a doctor's advice, illness in a family member).

• Self-efficacy: Confidence in one’s ability to take action.

What is Stages of Change Model (Transtheoretical Model)?

This model explains that behavior change doesn't happen all at once—it occurs in stages, and individuals move through them at their own pace.

What are the stages of Stages of Change Model (Transtheoretical Model)?

1. Precontemplation – “I’m not thinking about changing.”

2. Contemplation – “I’m considering making a change.”

3. Preparation – “I’m making small changes.”

4. Action – “I’ve started a new healthy habit.”

5. Maintenance – “I’m continuing the new habit regularly.”

6. (Optional: Relapse – Returning to old habits before trying again.)

What is Self-Determination Theory (SDT)?

It focuses on a person’s internal motivation to change. It emphasizes autonomy, competence, and relatedness as key psychological needs that drive behavior.

What are the Key Concepts of Self-Determination Theory (SDT)?

• People are more likely to adopt healthy behaviors when they:

  • Feel in control of their choices (autonomy),

  • Believe they can succeed (competence),

  • Feel connected to others (relatedness).
    

• It supports long-term changes in behaviors like quitting smoking, taking medication consistently, or exercising regularly.

What is Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)?

It explains how an individual’s beliefs and attitudes shape their intentions, which then influence their actual behavior. It is often used in health psychology to understand why people choose to adopt or avoid certain health behaviors.

What is the Core Concept of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)?

This theory is based on the idea that people make decisions thoughtfully and rationally, especially when they are working toward a specific goal.

What are the three types of believes of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)?

1. Attitude Toward the Behavior

2. Subjective Norms

3. Perceived Behavioral Control