BMS 507 Exam 1

Cytology

study of cells

Body Organization Levels (smallest to largest)

Chemical level --> Cellular Level --> Tissue Level --> Organ Level --> Organ System Level --> Organismal Level

chemical level

atoms and molecules

cell

basic *structural and functional* unit of life

tissue

*similar cells* that *perform* a *common function*

organ

*2 or more* kinds of tissues *integrated* to perform *specific* functions

organ system

organs having *related* functions

organism

has *several organ systems* that *work together* to *maintain life*

Planes of Reference

imaginary lines or actual dissecting cuts (sections) which may be used to "section" the body or an organ

anatomical position

upright, feet parallel, eyes and palms forward

sagittal

divides the body or organ into *unequal* right and left portions

midsagittal

divides the body or organ into *equal* halves

coronal (frontal)

divides the body or organ into *anterior* and *posterior* portions

transverse (horizontal, cross-sectional)

divides the body or organ into *superior* and *inferior* portions

medial

closer to the midline of the body

lateral

farther away from the midline of body

anterior

toward the front surface

posterior

toward the back surface

dorsal

at the back side of the human body

ventral

at the belly side of the human body

superior

closer to the head

inferior

closer to the feet

caudal

at the rear or tail end

cephalic

at the head end
Synonym = cranial

rostral

toward the nose or mouth

ipsilateral

on the same side

contralateral

on the opposite side

deep

on the inside, internal to another structure

superficial

on the outside, external to another structure

proximal

closest to point of attachment to trunk

distal

furthest from point of attachment to trunk

Body Regions

A. Cephalic Region or Head
B. Cervical Region or Neck
C. Thoracic Region or Thorax (Chest)
D. Abdomin*o*pelvic region
E. Upper Extremity
F. Lower Extermity

cephalic region

head
1. Facial Region
2. Cranial Region

Facial Region

orbital, nasal, buccal, oral, mental

oribital

eye

nasal

nose

buccal

cheek

oral

mouth

mental

chin

cranial region

area covered by scalp

cervical region

neck

Thoracic Region

1. Pectoral Regions
2. Mammary Regions
3. Sternal Region
4. Axillary Region
(Thorax or Chest)

pectoral region

left and right chest

mammary regions

(L+R breasts) sit atop pectoral regions

axillary regions

armpits

Abdominopelvic Region

1. Abdominal Region
2. Pelvic Regions

abdominal region

located between the diaphragm and the top of the hip bones

pelvic region

between the hip bones

Upper Extremity

1. Deltoid Region
2. Brachial Region
3. Antecubital (=Cubital) Region
4. Antebrachial Region
5. Carpal Region
6. Manus Region

deltoid region

shoulder

brachial region

arm; shoulder to elbow

Antecubital region (+ cubital)

antecubital =front of elbow
cubital region = entire elbow

antebrachial region

forearm

carpal region

the wrist

manus region

hand
a. Palmar
b. Dorsum

palmar

front of hand

manus region: dorsum

back of hand

Lower Extermity

1. Femoral Region
2. Knee
3. Crural Region
4. Tarsal Region
5. Foot

femoral region

thigh

Knee region

a. *Patellar* region
b. Popliteal region

patellar region

front surface of knee

popliteal region

back surface of knee

crural region

leg, from knee to ankle

tarsal region

ankle

pedal region

foot

a. plantar
b. dorsum

plantar

sole of foot

pedal region: dorsum

top surface of foot

The 2 Main Body Cavities

1. *Posterior Aspect*
-- Cranial cavity
-- Vertebral cavity

2. *Ventral Cavity* or *Anterior Cavity*
-- Thoracic cavity
-- Abdominopelvic cavity

cranial cavity

brain resides here

vertebral cavity

spinal cord resides here

thoracic cavity

chest cavity
a. pleural
b. mediastinum
c. pericardial cavity

pleural

a lung resides here

mediastinum

cavity between lungs; entire space between lungs down to diaphragm

pericardial cavity

contains the heart

Abdominopelvic Cavity

a. abdominal cavity
b. pelvic cavity

abdominal cavity

from the thoracic diaphragm to top of hip bones

pelvic cavity

between hip bones

cell membrane (plasma membrane)

-forms a *limiting barrier* between *internal and external* environments
-*surrounds cells* and gives it form
-*regulates movement of material* in and out of cell
-*structure*: 2 layers of *phospholipids* containing *cholesterol and proteins*
-has *proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids* attached
-*selectively permeable*, determined primarily by *size, charge, and solubility* of molecule

Proteins

they're *in the cell membrane* and they're *loosely attatched* to the surface

Glycoproteins

*proteins* with carbohydrates attached

Glycolipids

*Phospholipids* with carbohydrate attached

2 types of transport that allow movement in and out of plasma membrane

passive transport
active transport

passive transport

diffusion
-*no energy*
-some *small materials may diffuse*/pass through the cell membrane
-*high to low concentration*

Example of passive transport

*Simple diffusion*: movement of substances through the cell membrane based on *concentration differences* (high to low)

active transport

-*requires energy*
-*large particles must* be transported *actively*
-*movement of substances* through cell membrane *AGAINST a concentration gradient*

2 types of active transport

exocytosis
endocytosis

exocytosis

-*large molecules* are *secreted from* the *cell*
---process by which cellular materials EXIT the cell
-*materials* are *packaged within vesicles* (small sacs)
-*vesicles FUSE* with *cell membrane* and *release* contents *outside* of the cell

endocytosis

process by which materials are brought *INTO* the cell
-3 types

3 types of endocytosis

phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis

phagocytosis

"cell eating"
ingestion/engulfment of *large particles* with *membrane extensions*
-requires energy

pinocytosis

"cell drinking"
ingestion of *fluid* and *small particles*
-requires energy

receptor-mediated endocytosis

substances *bind to receptors* which *stimulates the formation* of an *invagination* and ultimately a *vesicle is internalized*
-requires energy

Specializations of plasma membrane

Microvilli
Cilia
Flagellum

microvilli

nonmotile
help *increase surface area*

cilia

motile
*move substances* over the *surface* of *stationary cells*

flagellum

motile
*whip-like structure* that *moves cells*

mitochondria

makes *ATP* (break phosphate off for energy)

ATP

adenosine triphosphate, energy molecule

ribosomes

involved in *protein synthesis* (production)

2 types of ribosomes

*free* ribosomes
ribosomes *attached to the ER*